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Cereal foods comprise a large variety of products that make up the main part of the diet of the world population. Despite decades of research to improve cereals and cereal food quality, worldwide research coordination is now required due to market needs, processing, and climate change. Cereals and cereal foods are an important source of energy (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat), and offer a range of non-nutrient bioactive components (i.e., vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and phytochemicals) that provide different grades of health benefits. The main challenges for the near future include the exploration, valorization, and improvement of genetic variation for nutrients and bioactive food components; the use and implementation of biotechnological, preprocessing, and processing strategies to improve content; and the evaluation of health properties for health claims.

coix seed --- Monascus purpureus --- antioxidant --- fermentation --- HEp2 --- buckwheat --- dehulling --- germination --- LC-MS --- free phenolic --- bound phenolic --- antioxidant activity --- sorghum --- phenolic compounds --- cell growth inhibition --- cell cycle analysis --- apoptosis --- HepG2 --- Caco-2 --- wheat --- nutrients --- celiac disease --- wheat allergy --- non-celiac wheat/gluten sensitivity --- durum wheat --- milling fractions --- air-classification plant --- micronization plant --- sorghum phenolics --- anti-inflammatory --- anti-proliferative --- anti-diabetic --- anti-atherogenic --- Triticum aestivum L. --- Triticum durum Desf. --- gluten --- breadmaking --- durum grains --- genetic variability --- heritability --- climate constraints --- yield performance --- air-classified fractions --- alveographic properties --- antioxidants --- starch --- ATI --- glutenins --- gluten strength --- grain protein content --- haplotypes --- SNPs --- milling methods --- dietary fiber --- phenolic acid --- steamed bread --- leavened pancake --- multiple linear regression (MLR) --- artificial neural network (ANN) --- milled rice --- enzymes --- air classification --- inorganic contaminants --- organic contaminants --- arsenic --- mycotoxins --- maize inbred lines --- nutritional value --- protein quality --- n/a

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Global crop production must substantially increase to meet the needs of a rapidly growing population. This is constrained by the availability of nutrients, water, and land. There is also an urgent need to reduce the negative environmental impacts of crop production. Collectively, these issues represent one of the greatest challenges of the twenty-first century. Sustainable cropping systems based on ecological principles are the core of integrated approaches to solve this critical challenge. This special issue provides an international basis for revealing the underlying mechanisms of sustainable cropping systems to drive agronomic innovations. It includes review and original research articles that report novel scientific findings on improvement in cropping systems related to crop yields and their resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors, resource use efficiency, environmental impact, sustainability, and ecosystem services.

nutrient use efficiency --- organic fertilization --- system approach --- Helianthus annuus L. --- catch crop --- Texas High Plains --- forage yield and quality --- living mulch --- nutrient cycling --- quality --- leguminous cover crop --- conservation --- light --- sustainable crop production --- crop rotation --- WHCNS --- stemborer --- complexity --- perennial --- manure --- maize production --- SOC and STN stocks --- cover crops --- forage pea --- yield --- SDS-PAGE analysis --- vineyard system --- double cropping --- wheat --- partial returns --- soybean --- vetch --- nitrogen use efficiency --- enzyme activities --- agrobiodiversity --- gross margin --- residue C and N release --- systematic review --- maize --- protein crops --- no-tillage --- environmental quality --- fall grazing --- kura clover --- cover crop --- organization --- scenario analyses --- cropping system design --- irrigation --- sustainable yield index --- multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) --- Acidic soil --- Europe --- Zea mais L. --- shade --- up-scaling --- water --- conservation agriculture --- water use efficiency --- Triticum aestivum L. --- forage sorghum --- N use efficiency --- nutrient balance --- organic cropping system --- forage --- durum wheat --- cropping systems --- nitrate --- grain yield --- nitrogen nutrition --- conventionalization --- crop residue incorporation --- cereal rye --- green manure --- straw decomposition --- hierarchical patch dynamics --- N uptake --- farmer’s perception --- pearl millet --- nitrogen --- faba bean --- agroecology --- harvesting strategies --- rice --- gluten fractions --- weed suppression --- economics --- mineral N fertilization --- push-pull technology --- growth --- potato (Solanum tuberosum)

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Overall, the 19 contributions in this Special Issue “Plant Responses and Tolerance to Salt Stress: Physiological and Molecular Interventions” discuss the various aspects of salt stress responses in plants. It also discusses various mechanisms and approaches to conferring salt tolerance on plants. These types of research studies provide further directions in the development of crop plants for the saline environment in the era of climate change.

CPA gene family --- RsNHX1 --- over-expression --- virus-induced gene silence --- salt resistance --- radish --- 14-3-3 gene family --- Triticum aestivum L. --- bioinformatics analysis --- salt tolerance --- protein-protein interactions --- Populus simonii × P. nigra --- PsnNAC036 --- transcription factor --- salt stress --- HT tolerance --- ion transport --- osmotic homeostasis --- hormone mediation --- cell wall regulation --- salt adaptation --- proteomics --- microtubules --- tubulin --- phenolic metabolites --- lemon balm --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- medicinal plants --- secondary metabolites --- abiotic elicitors --- salinity --- betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (BADH1) --- domestication --- cultivated rice --- wild rice --- Hordeum vulgare L. --- RNA-seq analysis --- differentially expressed genes --- tolerance --- candidate genes --- C3–CAM intermediate --- common ice plant --- Mesembryanthemum crystallinum --- osmotic stress --- abiotic stress --- antioxidant defense --- climate change --- hydrogen peroxide --- lipid peroxidation --- oxidative stress --- phytohormones --- stress signaling --- mulberry --- TMT proteomics --- phenylpropanoid metabolism --- apoplast --- functional screening --- Hordeum vulgare --- seedling --- halophyte species --- NADPH oxidases --- NOX --- respiratory burst oxidase homolog RBOH gene expression --- saline adaptations --- C2H2 zinc finger protein --- heterologous expression --- Millettia pinnata --- thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs) --- bolTLP1 --- broccoli --- drought stress --- antioxidants --- carbohydrates --- carotenoids --- xanthophyll cycle --- osmoprotectants --- ROS-scavengers --- α-/γ-tocopherols --- quantitative trait locus (QTL) --- association analysis --- marker-assisted selection (MAS) --- rice (Oryza sativa L.) --- hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase gene --- melatonin --- ROS --- ABA --- ion homeostasis --- amino acids --- Malus domestica --- calcium --- calcineurin B-like proteins --- Na+ accumulation --- n/a --- C3-CAM intermediate

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The concept of nitrogen gap (NG), i.e., its recognition and amelioration, forms the core of this book entitled Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM). Determination of the presence of an NG between fields on a farm and/or within a particular field, together with its size, requires a set of highly reliable diagnostic tools. The necessary set of diagnostic tools, based classically on pedological and agrochemical methods, should be currently supported by remote-sensing methods. A combination of these two groups of methods is the only way to recognize the factors responsible for yield gap (YG) appearance and to offer a choice of measures for its effective amelioration. The NG concept is discussed in the two first papers (Grzebisz and Łukowiak, Agronomy 2021, 11, 419; Łukowiak et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1959). Crop productivity depends on a synchronization of plant demand for nitrogen and its supply from soil resources during the growing season. The action of nitrate nitrogen (N–NO3), resulting in direct plant crop response, can be treated by farmers as a crucial growth factor. The expected outcome also depends on the status of soil fertility factors, including pools of available nutrients and the activity of microorganisms. Three papers are devoted to these basic aspects of soil fertility management (Sulewska et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1958; Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1701; Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2021, 11, 1333). The resistance of a currently cultivated crop to seasonal weather variability depends to a great extent on the soil fertility level. This aspect is thoroughly discussed for three distinct soil types and climates with respect to their impact on yield (Hlisnikovsky et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1160—Czech Republic; Wang et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1237—China; Łukowiak and Grzebisz et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1364—Poland). In the fourth section of this book, the division a particular field into homogenous production zones is discussed as a basis for effective nitrogen management within the field. This topic is presented for different regions and crops (China, Poland, and the USA) (Cammarano et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1767; Panek et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1842; Larson et al., Agronomy 2020, 10, 1858).

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- Triticum aestivum L. --- farmyard manure --- mineral fertilizers --- crude protein content --- soil properties, site-specific requirements --- yield --- site-specific nitrogen management --- regional optimal nitrogen management --- net return --- nitrogen use efficiency --- spatial variability --- temporal variability --- seed density --- N uptake --- indices of N productivity --- mineral N --- indigenous Nmin at spring --- post-harvest Nmin --- N balance --- N efficiency --- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II --- chlorophyll content index --- soil enzymatic activity --- biological index fertility --- nitrogenase activity --- microelements fertilization (Ti --- Si --- B --- Mo --- Zn) --- soil --- nitrate nitrogen content --- contents of available phosphorus --- potassium --- magnesium --- calcium --- cardinal stages of WOSR growth --- PCA --- site-specific nutrient management --- soil brightness --- satellite remote sensing --- crop yield --- soil fertility --- winter wheat --- winter triticale --- vegetation indices --- NDVI --- grain yield --- number of spikes --- economics --- normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) --- on-the-go sensors --- winter oilseed rape → winter triticale cropping sequence --- N input --- N total uptake --- N gap --- Beta vulgaris L. --- organic manure --- weather conditions --- soil chemistry --- sugar concentration --- climatic potential yield --- yield gap --- soil constraints --- subsoil --- remote sensing-techniques --- field --- a field --- crop production --- sustainability --- homogenous productivity units --- nitrogen indicators: in-season --- spatial --- vertical variability of N demand and supply --- spectral imagery

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Integrative omics of plants in response to stress conditions play more crucial roles in the post-genomic era. High-quality genomic data provide more deeper understanding of how plants to survive under environmental stresses. This book is focused on concluding the recent progress in the Protein and Proteome Atlas in plants under different stresses. It covers various aspects of plant protein ranging from agricultural proteomics, structure and function of proteins, and approaches for protein identification and quantification.

phosphoproteomics --- GLU1 --- somatic embryogenesis --- CHA-SQ-1 --- nitrogen fertilizer --- chilling stress --- differentially abundant proteins --- ATP synthase --- photosynthetic parameters --- photosynthesis --- constitutive splicing --- phosphorylation --- Jatropha curcas --- plants under stress --- postharvest freshness --- Alternanthera philoxeroides --- rubber latex --- Millettia pinnata --- molecular and biochemical basis --- filling kernel --- drought stress --- comparative proteomic analysis --- domain --- micro-exons --- phylogeny --- phos-tagTM --- E. angustifolia --- root cell elongation --- ABA --- pollen abortion --- lncRNA --- transcriptome --- radish --- redox homeostasis --- Nelumbo nucifera --- sugar beet --- shotgun proteomics --- proteomes --- high-temperature stress --- post-genomics era --- model plant --- salt tolerance --- miRNA --- wheat --- physiological response --- stress --- visual proteome map --- transcriptional dynamics --- leaf --- maize --- Dunaliella salina --- phosphatidylinositol --- S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase --- Gossypium hirsutum --- flavonoid biosynthesis --- phosphatase --- wood vinegar --- heat shock proteins --- silicate limitation --- purine metabolism --- natural rubber biosynthesis --- ancient genes --- cotton --- rubber grass --- abiotic stress --- heat stress --- maturation --- low-temperature stress --- molecular basis --- transcriptome sequencing --- ROS scavenging --- widely targeted metabolomics --- transdifferentiation --- seed development --- alternative splicing --- cultivars --- inositol --- salt stress --- chlorophyll fluorescence parameters --- proteome --- carbon fixation --- AGPase --- transcript-metabolite network --- molecular mechanisms --- Triticum aestivum L. --- Zea mays L. --- ROS --- label-free quantification --- woody oilseed plants --- heat-sensitive spinach variety --- MIPS --- quantitative proteomics --- regulated mechanism --- two-dimensional gel electrophoresis --- potassium --- glutathione --- Salinity stress --- integrated omics --- diatom --- ATP synthase CF1 alpha subunit (chloroplast) --- root --- proteome atlas --- brittle-2 --- mass spectrometry --- genomics --- Taraxacum kok-saghyz --- cytomorphology --- proteomics --- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi --- signaling pathway --- proteomic --- loss-of-function mutant --- rice --- seedling --- wucai --- leaf sheath --- root and shoot --- antioxidant enzyme --- exon-intron structure diversity --- isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation --- regulation and metabolism --- concerted network --- drought --- heat response --- VIGS --- iTRAQ --- nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) --- stem