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In past decades, various sensor technologies have been used in all areas of our lives, thus improving our quality of life. In particular, imaging sensors have been widely applied in the development of various imaging approaches such as optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, X-ray imaging, and nuclear imaging, and contributed to achieve high sensitivity, miniaturization, and real-time imaging. These advanced image sensing technologies play an important role not only in the medical field but also in the industrial field. This Special Issue covers broad topics on imaging sensors and applications. The scope range of imaging sensors can be extended to novel imaging sensors and diverse imaging systems, including hardware and software advancements. Additionally, biomedical and nondestructive sensing applications are welcome.

Technology: general issues --- fluorescence LiDAR --- laser-induced fluorescence --- vegetation monitoring --- classification discrimination --- 3D measurement --- fringe projection --- 3D Fourier transform --- phase unwrapping --- phase measurement --- ultrasound --- photoacoustic imaging --- photoacoustic microscopy --- biomedical imaging --- multifocal point transducer --- wave patterns --- analytical model --- directivity pattern --- guided wave (GW) --- non-destructive testing (NDT) --- macro-fiber composite (MFC) --- transducer --- elastography --- soft tissue --- nonlinearity --- viscoelasticity --- acoustic emission --- hydrogel --- nanosilica --- transcranial --- skull bone --- aberration --- photoacoustic --- distortion --- brain imaging --- balloon catheter --- image guiding --- medical diagnostic imaging --- ultrasonic imaging --- abdominal ultrasound --- plane wave imaging --- diverging wave imaging --- synthetic focusing --- back muscle stiffness --- spine --- elasticity --- shear-wave elastography (SWE) --- tissue ultrasound palpation system (TUPS) --- reliability --- Young's modulus --- carfilzomib --- peripheral vasculature --- quantitative analysis --- transrectal probe --- optical lens --- ultrasound imaging --- prostate cancer --- optical coherence tomography --- quad-scanner scanning strategy --- whole-directional scanning --- full-directional imaging --- IoT --- remote control --- remote operation --- remote sharing economy --- research equipment sharing --- two-photon laser scanning microscopy --- MQTT --- deep learning --- ensemble learning --- brain tumor classification --- machine learning --- transfer learning --- around view monitoring system --- automatic camera calibration --- vision-based advanced driver assistance systems --- high-frequency ultrasound --- ophthalmic imaging --- synthetic aperture --- convex array transducer --- bandwidth expander --- ultrasound transducer device --- power amplifier --- super-resolution --- clinical applications

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Infrared (IR) technologies—from Herschel’s initial experiment in the 1800s to thermal detector development in the 1900s, followed by defense-focused developments using HgCdTe—have now incorporated a myriad of novel materials for a wide variety of applications in numerous high-impact fields. These include astronomy applications; composition identifications; toxic gas and explosive detection; medical diagnostics; and industrial, commercial, imaging, and security applications. Various types of semiconductor-based (including quantum well, dot, ring, wire, dot in well, hetero and/or homo junction, Type II super lattice, and Schottky) IR (photon) detectors, based on various materials (type IV, III-V, and II-VI), have been developed to satisfy these needs. Currently, room temperature detectors operating over a wide wavelength range from near IR to terahertz are available in various forms, including focal plane array cameras. Recent advances include performance enhancements by using surface Plasmon and ultrafast, high-sensitivity 2D materials for infrared sensing. Specialized detectors with features such as multiband, selectable wavelength, polarization sensitive, high operating temperature, and high performance (including but not limited to very low dark currents) are also being developed. This Special Issue highlights advances in these various types of infrared detectors based on various material systems.

Technology: general issues --- microbolometer --- infrared sensor --- complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) --- high sensitivity --- temperature sensor --- microresonator --- MEMS --- clamped–clamped beam --- thermal detector --- Infrared detector --- strained layer superlattice --- InAs/InAsSb --- absorption coefficient --- barrier detector --- high operating temperature --- manganite --- heterostructure --- photodetector --- heterostructures --- split-off band --- wavelength extension --- device performance --- ultrasound transducer --- photoacoustic imaging --- piezoelectric --- micromachined --- CMUT --- PMUT --- optical ultrasound detection --- type-II superlattice --- infrared detector --- mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) --- unipolar barrier --- InAs/GaSb --- T2SL --- IR --- TE-cooled --- spectroscopy --- RoHS --- MCT --- n/a --- clamped-clamped beam

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Infrared (IR) technologies—from Herschel’s initial experiment in the 1800s to thermal detector development in the 1900s, followed by defense-focused developments using HgCdTe—have now incorporated a myriad of novel materials for a wide variety of applications in numerous high-impact fields. These include astronomy applications; composition identifications; toxic gas and explosive detection; medical diagnostics; and industrial, commercial, imaging, and security applications. Various types of semiconductor-based (including quantum well, dot, ring, wire, dot in well, hetero and/or homo junction, Type II super lattice, and Schottky) IR (photon) detectors, based on various materials (type IV, III-V, and II-VI), have been developed to satisfy these needs. Currently, room temperature detectors operating over a wide wavelength range from near IR to terahertz are available in various forms, including focal plane array cameras. Recent advances include performance enhancements by using surface Plasmon and ultrafast, high-sensitivity 2D materials for infrared sensing. Specialized detectors with features such as multiband, selectable wavelength, polarization sensitive, high operating temperature, and high performance (including but not limited to very low dark currents) are also being developed. This Special Issue highlights advances in these various types of infrared detectors based on various material systems.

Technology: general issues --- microbolometer --- infrared sensor --- complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) --- high sensitivity --- temperature sensor --- microresonator --- MEMS --- clamped-clamped beam --- thermal detector --- Infrared detector --- strained layer superlattice --- InAs/InAsSb --- absorption coefficient --- barrier detector --- high operating temperature --- manganite --- heterostructure --- photodetector --- heterostructures --- split-off band --- wavelength extension --- device performance --- ultrasound transducer --- photoacoustic imaging --- piezoelectric --- micromachined --- CMUT --- PMUT --- optical ultrasound detection --- type-II superlattice --- infrared detector --- mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) --- unipolar barrier --- InAs/GaSb --- T2SL --- IR --- TE-cooled --- spectroscopy --- RoHS --- MCT

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Implantable microdevices, providing accurate measurement of target analytes in animals and humans, have always been important in biological science, medical diagnostics, clinical therapy, and personal healthcare. Recently, there have been increasing unmet needs for developing high-performance implants that are small, minimally-invasive, biocompatible, long-term stable, and cost-effective. Therefore, the aim of this Special Issue is to bring together state-of-the-art research and development contributions that address key challenges and topics related to implantable microdevices. Applications of primary interest include, but are not limited to, miniaturized optical sensing and imaging tools, implantable sensors for detecting biochemical species and/or metabolites, transducers for measuring biophysical quantities (e.g., pressure and/or strain), and neural prosthetic devices.

round window stimulation --- n/a --- reactive loading --- retinal implant --- circular polarization --- mandibular advancement splint --- MedRadio --- Medical Device Radiocommunications Service (MedRadio) band --- patch antenna --- wireless charging --- drag reduce --- piezoelectric transducer --- high-density --- specific absorption rate (SAR) --- micro/nano electrode --- electrocardiogram (ECG) --- microelectrode array --- magnetic shielding --- conductive polymer --- flextensional amplifier --- biotelemetry --- lotus-like structure --- middle ear implant --- obstructive sleep apnea --- implantable BCI --- implantable packaging --- coating --- electrochemistry --- modified electrode --- slow wave effect --- shark skin --- finite element analysis --- implantable antenna --- biomedical microrobot --- magnetic devices --- hydrophobicity --- pressure sensing array --- implantable device --- wireless power transfer --- hearing loss --- system-on-chip --- antifouling

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Advances in miniaturization of sensors, actuators, and smart systems are receiving substantial industrial attention, and a wide variety of transducers are commercially available or with high potential to impact emerging markets. Substituting existing products based on bulk materials, in fields such as automotive, environment, food, robotics, medicine, biotechnology, communications, and other technologies, with reduced size, lower cost, and higher performance, is now possible, with potential for manufacturing using advanced silicon integrated circuits technology or alternative additive techniques from the mili- to the nano-scale. In this Special Issue, which is focused on piezoelectric transducers, a wide range of topics are covered, including the design, fabrication, characterization, packaging, and system integration or final applications of mili/micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems based transducers.

History of engineering & technology --- cylindrical composite --- piezoceramic/epoxy composite --- electromechanical characteristics --- transducer --- piezoelectric actuators --- positioning --- trajectory control --- numerical analysis --- trajectory planning --- square piezoelectric vibrator --- resonance --- piezoelectric diaphragm pump --- flexible support --- piezoelectric resonance pump --- piezoelectric ceramics actuators --- hysteresis modeling --- Bouc–Wen model --- P-type IL --- MFA control --- SM control --- evidence theory --- active vibration control --- piezoelectric smart structure --- piezoelectric material --- multiphysics simulation --- finite element method (FEM) --- fluid–structure interaction (FSI) --- micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) --- traveling waves --- piezoelectric --- microactuator --- MEMS --- piezoelectric current sensing device --- two-wire power cord --- cymbal structure --- force amplification effect --- sensitivity --- ciliary bodies touch beam --- piezoelectric tactile feedback devices --- anisotropic vibration tactile model --- human factor experiment --- nondestructive testing --- maturity method --- concrete early-age strength --- SmartRock --- ultrasonic waves --- PZT (piezoelectric) sensors --- structural health monitoring --- AlN thin film --- piezoelectric effect --- resonant accelerometer --- z-axis --- debonding --- non-destructive testing --- electromechanical impedance --- damage detection --- impedance-based technique --- damage depth --- piezoelectric vibration energy harvester --- frequency up-conversion mechanism --- impact --- PZT thick film --- piezoelectric ceramic materials --- Duhem model --- hysteresis model --- class-C power amplifier --- diode expander --- piezoelectric transducers --- point-of-care ultrasound systems --- transverse impact --- frequency up-conversion --- piezoelectric bimorph --- human-limb motion --- hybrid energy harvester --- cascade-connected transducer --- low frequency --- small size --- finite element --- acoustic telemetry --- measurement while drilling --- energy harvesting --- pipelines --- underwater networks --- wireless sensor networks --- control algorithm --- waterproof --- coating --- reliability --- flexible micro-devices --- aqueous environments --- seawater --- capacitive pressure sensors --- in-situ pressure sensing --- sensor characterization --- physiological applications --- cardiac output --- aluminum nitride --- resonator --- damping --- quality factor --- electromechanical coupling --- implantable middle ear hearing device --- piezoelectric transducer --- stimulating site --- finite element analysis --- hearing compensation --- adaptive lens --- piezoelectric devices --- fluid-structure interaction --- moving mesh --- thermal expansion --- COMSOL --- petroleum acoustical-logging --- piezoelectric cylindrical-shell transducer --- center-frequency --- experimental-measurement --- piezoelectricity --- visual servo control --- stepping motor --- nano-positioner --- stick-slip --- piezoelectric energy harvester --- cut-in wind speed --- cut-out wind speed --- energy conservation method --- critical stress method --- piezoelectric actuator --- lever mechanism --- analytical model --- stick-slip frication --- nanopositioning stage --- piezoelectric hysteresis --- mark point recognition --- piecewise fitting --- compensation control --- piezo-electromagnetic coupling --- up-conversion --- vibration energy harvester --- multi-directional vibration --- low frequency vibration --- hysteresis compensation --- single-neuron adaptive control --- Hebb learning rules --- supervised learning --- vibration-based energy harvesting --- multimodal structures --- frequency tuning --- nonlinear resonator --- bistability --- magnetostatic force --- robot --- miniature --- traveling wave --- leg --- piezoelectric actuators (PEAs) --- asymmetric hysteresis --- Prandtl–Ishlinskii (PI) model --- polynomial-modified PI (PMPI) model --- feedforward hysteresis compensation --- PIN-PMN-PT --- 1-3 composite --- high frequency --- phased array --- n/a --- Bouc-Wen model --- fluid-structure interaction (FSI) --- Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model