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The cooperation of highly specialized cell types maintains the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The disturbance of that harmony contributes to the development of several diseases. Most of the cellular functions are executed by proteins, so it is essential to investigate biological processes at the protein level. Antibodies, complex biomolecules with high specificity, are used to recognize our protein of interest in a process known as “immunophenotyping”. One of the routinely used methods to study cellular proteins is flow cytometry, which detects cell surface or intracellular proteins at single-cell resolution. The other most frequent technique is the traditional immunohistochemical investigation of microscopic sections of human tissues. We called authors to publish their latest data studying cancer or autoimmune diseases by immunophenotyping.

CD8+CD28− T cells --- cancer immunology --- glioblastoma --- immunotherapy --- malignant glioma --- cancer --- accidental cell death --- oncosis --- DDR --- parthanatos --- flow cytometry --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- T cells --- glycosylation --- sialylation --- lectin binding --- glycosylation enzymes --- galectin 1 --- choriocarcinoma --- hydatidiform mole --- galectin --- gestational trophoblastic disease --- placental-specific gene --- systems biology --- trophoblast differentiation --- B cells --- non-switched B cells --- systemic sclerosis --- dcSSc --- TLR --- CD180 --- RP105 --- CpG --- IL-6 --- IL-10 --- natural autoantibodies --- IgM --- citrate synthase --- DNA topoisomerase I --- unfolded protein response --- Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) --- PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) --- Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) --- Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) --- immune cells --- T cell --- macrophage --- tumor microenvironment --- single cell mass cytometry --- metastatic breast cancer --- myeloid-derived suppressor cells --- immunophenotyping --- breast cancer --- trastuzumab --- chimeric antigen receptor --- cell therapy --- neuroendocrine neoplasia --- neuroendocrine tumor --- neuroendocrine carcinoma --- immunohistochemistry --- syntaxin 1

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Acute kidney injury (AKI) is still associated with high morbidity and mortality incidence rates, and also bears an elevated risk of chronic kidney disease in the sequel. Whereas the kidney has a remarkable capacity for regeneration after injury and may recover completely depending on the type of renal lesions, the options for clinical intervention are restricted to fluid management and extracorporeal kidney support. The development of novel therapies to prevent AKI, to improve renal regeneration capacity after AKI, and to preserve renal function—in both the short- and long-term—is urgently needed. This Special Issue includes papers investigating the pathological mechanisms of renal inflammation and AKI and diagnostics using new biomarkers. Furthermore, experimental in vitro and in vivo studies examining potential new approaches to attenuate kidney dysfunction are included, as well as review articles.

Medicine --- inflammation --- chronic kidney disease --- anemia --- anemia of inflammation --- ESA hyporesponsiveness --- renal tubular epithelial cells --- macrophages --- lipocalin-2 --- iron --- cilastatin --- hypoxia inducible factor-1-α --- ischemia-reperfusion injury --- acute kidney injury --- cyclophilin A --- fibrosis --- renal fibrosis --- tubular necrosis --- preeclampsia --- podocytes --- VEGF --- FSGS --- proteinuria --- endocan --- ESM-1 --- renal replacement therapy --- kidney transplantation --- biomarker --- diabetic nephropathy --- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis --- innate immunity --- membranous nephropathy --- minimal change diseases --- TLR --- NOX1 --- ML171 --- reactive oxygen species --- ERK --- T cells --- glomerulonephritis --- chemokines --- renal disease --- DJ-1 --- ND-13 --- renal inflammation --- oxidative stress --- UUO --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- trehalose --- simvastatin --- endotoxin --- tubular apoptosis --- cytochrome C --- Bcl-XL --- survivin --- hypercholesterolemia --- xanthine oxidase --- NF-κB pathway --- tertiary lymphoid organs --- B cells --- BAFF --- kidney fibrosis --- myofibroblast activation --- extracellular matrix --- Hippo pathway --- verteporfin --- IgAN --- CKD --- progression --- ACEI --- corticosteroids --- costimulation --- coinhibition --- kidney transplant --- SPR --- protein binding affinity --- adaptive immunity --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- E. cava extracts --- dieckol --- spontaneously hypertensive rats --- angiotensin II --- inflammation --- chronic kidney disease --- anemia --- anemia of inflammation --- ESA hyporesponsiveness --- renal tubular epithelial cells --- macrophages --- lipocalin-2 --- iron --- cilastatin --- hypoxia inducible factor-1-α --- ischemia-reperfusion injury --- acute kidney injury --- cyclophilin A --- fibrosis --- renal fibrosis --- tubular necrosis --- preeclampsia --- podocytes --- VEGF --- FSGS --- proteinuria --- endocan --- ESM-1 --- renal replacement therapy --- kidney transplantation --- biomarker --- diabetic nephropathy --- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis --- innate immunity --- membranous nephropathy --- minimal change diseases --- TLR --- NOX1 --- ML171 --- reactive oxygen species --- ERK --- T cells --- glomerulonephritis --- chemokines --- renal disease --- DJ-1 --- ND-13 --- renal inflammation --- oxidative stress --- UUO --- autophagy --- apoptosis --- trehalose --- simvastatin --- endotoxin --- tubular apoptosis --- cytochrome C --- Bcl-XL --- survivin --- hypercholesterolemia --- xanthine oxidase --- NF-κB pathway --- tertiary lymphoid organs --- B cells --- BAFF --- kidney fibrosis --- myofibroblast activation --- extracellular matrix --- Hippo pathway --- verteporfin --- IgAN --- CKD --- progression --- ACEI --- corticosteroids --- costimulation --- coinhibition --- kidney transplant --- SPR --- protein binding affinity --- adaptive immunity --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- E. cava extracts --- dieckol --- spontaneously hypertensive rats --- angiotensin II

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The book presents several studies reporting advances on melanoma pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. It represents a milestone on the state of the art, updated at 2021, and also presents the current knowledge on the future developments in melanoma field.

Medicine --- melanoma --- invasion --- WNT5A --- MARCKS --- phosphorylation --- MANS peptide --- nanoparticles --- cell therapy --- tumor microenvironment --- sex/gender --- sex-hormones --- immunity --- microRNAs --- immunotherapy --- BRAF-mutant melanoma --- BRAF inhibitor --- mechanism of action --- targeted therapy --- tumour microenvironment --- plasmacytoid dendritic cells --- lactate dehydrogenase --- TLR --- interferon --- CXCL10 --- TPC2 --- HIPPO --- SOCE --- metastasis --- essential oils --- angiogenesis --- apoptosis --- uveal melanoma (UM) --- metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) --- prognostication --- adjuvant therapy --- metastatic therapy --- metastatic dormancy --- liver-directed-therapies --- targeted-therapy --- combined therapy --- protein tyrosine phosphatase --- PTPs inhibitors --- melanoma immune infiltrate --- BRAF inhibitors --- microenvironment --- resistance --- therapy --- therapeutic resistance --- exosomes --- extracellular vesicles --- diagnosis --- prognosis --- ctDNA --- liquid biopsy --- prediction --- patient stratification --- BRAF --- arthralgia --- rheumatoid arthritis --- carbonic anhydrase --- hedgehog --- cyclopamine --- small molecules --- acetazolamide --- motility --- metalloproteinases --- FAK --- cancer --- mucosal melanoma --- nivolumab --- pembrolizumab --- ipilimumab --- radiotherapy --- cholinergic system --- acetylcholine --- muscarinic receptors --- nicotinic receptors --- melanoma metastasis --- ShcD adaptor protein --- amoeboid motility --- Rac1 --- DOCK4 --- melanoma PDX --- target therapy --- cancer stem cells --- slow cycling phenotype --- drug resistance --- OXPHOS --- lipid metabolism --- cancer associated fibroblast --- melanomagenesis --- biomarkers --- checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- melanoma markers --- cytokines --- machine learning --- Support Vector Machine --- principal component analysis --- BCL2L10 --- STAT3 --- cytotoxicity --- survival --- ABT-737 --- Bcl-2 family --- ML258 --- HuR --- MITF --- metastases --- siRNA --- melanoma --- invasion --- WNT5A --- MARCKS --- phosphorylation --- MANS peptide --- nanoparticles --- cell therapy --- tumor microenvironment --- sex/gender --- sex-hormones --- immunity --- microRNAs --- immunotherapy --- BRAF-mutant melanoma --- BRAF inhibitor --- mechanism of action --- targeted therapy --- tumour microenvironment --- plasmacytoid dendritic cells --- lactate dehydrogenase --- TLR --- interferon --- CXCL10 --- TPC2 --- HIPPO --- SOCE --- metastasis --- essential oils --- angiogenesis --- apoptosis --- uveal melanoma (UM) --- metastatic uveal melanoma (mUM) --- prognostication --- adjuvant therapy --- metastatic therapy --- metastatic dormancy --- liver-directed-therapies --- targeted-therapy --- combined therapy --- protein tyrosine phosphatase --- PTPs inhibitors --- melanoma immune infiltrate --- BRAF inhibitors --- microenvironment --- resistance --- therapy --- therapeutic resistance --- exosomes --- extracellular vesicles --- diagnosis --- prognosis --- ctDNA --- liquid biopsy --- prediction --- patient stratification --- BRAF --- arthralgia --- rheumatoid arthritis --- carbonic anhydrase --- hedgehog --- cyclopamine --- small molecules --- acetazolamide --- motility --- metalloproteinases --- FAK --- cancer --- mucosal melanoma --- nivolumab --- pembrolizumab --- ipilimumab --- radiotherapy --- cholinergic system --- acetylcholine --- muscarinic receptors --- nicotinic receptors --- melanoma metastasis --- ShcD adaptor protein --- amoeboid motility --- Rac1 --- DOCK4 --- melanoma PDX --- target therapy --- cancer stem cells --- slow cycling phenotype --- drug resistance --- OXPHOS --- lipid metabolism --- cancer associated fibroblast --- melanomagenesis --- biomarkers --- checkpoint inhibitor --- PD-1 --- melanoma markers --- cytokines --- machine learning --- Support Vector Machine --- principal component analysis --- BCL2L10 --- STAT3 --- cytotoxicity --- survival --- ABT-737 --- Bcl-2 family --- ML258 --- HuR --- MITF --- metastases --- siRNA

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Adipose tissue is a rich, ubiquitous, and easily accessible source for multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), so-called adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs). Primary isolated ASCs are a heterogeneous preparation consisting of several subpopulations of stromal/stem and precursor cells. Donor-specific differences in ASC isolations and the lack of culture standardization hinder the comparison of results from different studies. Nevertheless, ASCs are already being used in different in vivo models and clinical trials to investigate their ability to improve tissue and organ regeneration. Many questions concerning their counterparts and biology in situ, their differentiation potential in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanisms of regeneration (paracrine effects, including regeneration-promoting factors and extracellular vesicles, differentiation, and immunomodulation) are not completely understood or remain unanswered. This Special Issue covers research articles investigating various adipose tissues as a source for ASC isolation, specific cultures methods to enhance proliferation or viability, and the differentiation capacity. Furthermore, other studies highlight aspects of various diseases, the immunosuppressive potential of ASCs and their derivates, or the in vivo tracking of transplanted ASCs. This edition is complemented by a review that summarizes the current knowledge of spheroid culture system methods and applications for mesenchymal stem cells.

lipomas --- adipose tissue --- stem cells --- adipogenesis --- osteogenesis --- mesenchymal stem cells --- T-cells --- conditioned medium --- extracellular vesicles --- TLR --- INF-γ --- adipose-derived stromal cells --- equine metabolic syndrome --- metformin --- adipose-derived stem cells --- adipocytes --- differentiation --- collagen I --- adiponectin --- integrins --- discoidin domain-containing receptor --- ageing --- subcutaneous fat --- adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) --- cell differentiation --- volatile organic compounds --- metabolic monitoring --- adipose-derived stromal/stem cells --- chondrogenesis --- colony forming unit-fibroblast --- fetal bovine serum --- human platelet lysate --- mesenchymal stem cell --- regenerative medicine --- human adipose-derived stem cells --- stem cell proliferation --- signaling pathway --- adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells --- migration --- secretion --- primary cilium --- sonic hedgehog signaling --- mesenchymal stromal/stem cells --- perirenal --- fat --- characterization --- stimulation --- lipopolysaccharide --- cytokines --- cytomegalovirus --- angiogenesis --- adipose derived mesenchymal cells --- Histogel --- 3D cell culture --- spheroid culture --- biomaterials --- phenotype --- secretory potential --- ankylosing spondylitis --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- systemic sclerosis --- mesenchymal stromal cells --- breast cancer --- tumor microenvironment --- perineural invasion --- adipose derived stem cells --- valproic acid --- protein interactions --- MAPK pathway --- JAK/STAT pathway --- mesenchymal stromal cell --- tissue of origin --- prolonged culture --- epigenetic memory --- tracking --- bio imaging --- bioluminescence --- qRT-PCR --- Ataxia telangiectasia --- Atm --- n/a

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This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue entitled “Anticancer Agents: Design, Synthesis and Evaluation” that was published in Molecules. Two review articles and thirty research papers are included in the Special Issue. Three second-generation androgen receptor antagonists that have been approved by the U.S. FDA for the treatment of prostate cancer have been reviewed. Identification of mimics of protein partners as protein-protein interaction inhibitors via virtual screening has been summarized and discussed. Anticancer agents targeting various protein targets, including IGF-1R, Src, protein kinase, aromatase, HDAC, PARP, Toll-Like receptor, c-Met, PI3Kdelta, topoisomerase II, p53, and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, have been explored. The analogs of three well-known tubulin-interacting natural products, paclitaxel, zampanolide, and colchicine, have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated. Several anticancer agents representing diverse chemical scaffolds were assessed in different kinds of cancer cell models. The capability of some anticancer agents to overcome the resistance to currently available drugs was also studied. In addition to looking into the in vitro ability of the anticancer agents to inhibit cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle, in vivo antitumor efficacy in animal models and DFT were also investigated in some papers.

Medicine --- benzofurans --- chemical synthesis --- cytotoxic properties --- HeLa --- MOLT-4 --- K562 --- anticancer --- anti-neuroinflammation --- coumarin --- dihydroartemisinin --- flavonoids --- allene --- E-stereoselective --- regioselective --- anti-cancer activity --- cyanopyridone --- substituted pyridine --- pyridotriazine --- pyrazolopyridine --- thioxotriazopyridine --- anticancer activity --- HepG2 --- antitumor activity --- computational docking --- MDM2-p53 interaction --- xanthones --- yeast-based assays --- estrone derivatives --- hydrazine --- N-substituted pyrazoline --- anti-ovarian cancer --- topoisomerase II inhibitor --- kinase inhibitor --- antiproliferative agent --- urea --- synthesis --- antiproliferative activity --- apoptosis --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- inhibitor --- anti-tumor --- immune modulation --- tryptophan metabolism --- taxoids --- βIII-tubulin --- P-glycoprotein --- drug resistance --- thiopene --- thienopyrimidinone --- thiazolidinone --- breast cancer --- benzofuran–pyrazole --- nanoparticles --- cytotoxic activity --- PARP-1 inhibition --- 3,6-dibromocarbazole --- 5-bromoindole --- carbazole --- actin --- migration --- Thienopyrimidine --- Pyrazole --- PI3Kα inhibitor --- quinazolin-4(3H)-one --- quinazolin-4(3H)-thione --- Schiff base --- antioxidant activity --- DFT study --- ortho-quinones --- beta-lapachone --- tanshione IIA --- PI3Ks --- PI3Kδ inhibitors --- 2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide --- anticancer agents --- protein–protein interactions --- virtual screening --- mimetics --- drug discovery --- bivalency --- polyvalency --- antitumor --- cell cycle --- ovarian cancer --- P-MAPA --- IL-12 --- TLR signaling --- inflammation --- chemoresistance --- 4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)benzamide --- 1,2,3-triazole --- c-Met --- natural product --- anticancer agent --- zampanolide --- Talazoparib --- PARP inhibitor --- prodrug --- o-nitro-benzyl --- photoactivatable protecting groups --- salinomycin --- overcoming drug resistance --- tumor specificity --- synergy --- 5-fluorouracil --- gemcitabine --- amides/esters --- colchicine analogs --- thiocolchicine --- colchiceine --- antimitotic agents --- hydrates --- dihydropyranoindole --- HDAC inhibitors --- neuroblastoma --- aromatase --- MCF-7 --- NIH3T3 --- benzimidazole --- triazolothiadiazine --- docking --- ADME --- organosilicon compounds --- SILA-409 (Alis-409) --- SILA-421 (Alis-421) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal --- ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) --- colon cancer --- colchicine amide --- colchicine sulfonamide --- tubulin inhibitors --- docking studies --- crystal structure --- PROTACs --- protein degradation --- IGF-1R --- Src --- protein kinase --- phenylpyrazolopyrimidine --- enzyme inhibition --- molecular simulation --- androgen receptor --- prostate cancer --- enzalutamide --- apalutamide --- darolutamide --- triple-negative breast cancer --- cytotoxicity --- chrysin analogues --- flavonoid --- anticancer compounds --- benzofurans --- chemical synthesis --- cytotoxic properties --- HeLa --- MOLT-4 --- K562 --- anticancer --- anti-neuroinflammation --- coumarin --- dihydroartemisinin --- flavonoids --- allene --- E-stereoselective --- regioselective --- anti-cancer activity --- cyanopyridone --- substituted pyridine --- pyridotriazine --- pyrazolopyridine --- thioxotriazopyridine --- anticancer activity --- HepG2 --- antitumor activity --- computational docking --- MDM2-p53 interaction --- xanthones --- yeast-based assays --- estrone derivatives --- hydrazine --- N-substituted pyrazoline --- anti-ovarian cancer --- topoisomerase II inhibitor --- kinase inhibitor --- antiproliferative agent --- urea --- synthesis --- antiproliferative activity --- apoptosis --- indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase --- inhibitor --- anti-tumor --- immune modulation --- tryptophan metabolism --- taxoids --- βIII-tubulin --- P-glycoprotein --- drug resistance --- thiopene --- thienopyrimidinone --- thiazolidinone --- breast cancer --- benzofuran–pyrazole --- nanoparticles --- cytotoxic activity --- PARP-1 inhibition --- 3,6-dibromocarbazole --- 5-bromoindole --- carbazole --- actin --- migration --- Thienopyrimidine --- Pyrazole --- PI3Kα inhibitor --- quinazolin-4(3H)-one --- quinazolin-4(3H)-thione --- Schiff base --- antioxidant activity --- DFT study --- ortho-quinones --- beta-lapachone --- tanshione IIA --- PI3Ks --- PI3Kδ inhibitors --- 2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide --- anticancer agents --- protein–protein interactions --- virtual screening --- mimetics --- drug discovery --- bivalency --- polyvalency --- antitumor --- cell cycle --- ovarian cancer --- P-MAPA --- IL-12 --- TLR signaling --- inflammation --- chemoresistance --- 4-(pyridin-4-yloxy)benzamide --- 1,2,3-triazole --- c-Met --- natural product --- anticancer agent --- zampanolide --- Talazoparib --- PARP inhibitor --- prodrug --- o-nitro-benzyl --- photoactivatable protecting groups --- salinomycin --- overcoming drug resistance --- tumor specificity --- synergy --- 5-fluorouracil --- gemcitabine --- amides/esters --- colchicine analogs --- thiocolchicine --- colchiceine --- antimitotic agents --- hydrates --- dihydropyranoindole --- HDAC inhibitors --- neuroblastoma --- aromatase --- MCF-7 --- NIH3T3 --- benzimidazole --- triazolothiadiazine --- docking --- ADME --- organosilicon compounds --- SILA-409 (Alis-409) --- SILA-421 (Alis-421) --- multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal --- ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) --- colon cancer --- colchicine amide --- colchicine sulfonamide --- tubulin inhibitors --- docking studies --- crystal structure --- PROTACs --- protein degradation --- IGF-1R --- Src --- protein kinase --- phenylpyrazolopyrimidine --- enzyme inhibition --- molecular simulation --- androgen receptor --- prostate cancer --- enzalutamide --- apalutamide --- darolutamide --- triple-negative breast cancer --- cytotoxicity --- chrysin analogues --- flavonoid --- anticancer compounds