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This discussion paper was produced as a background documentfor the 2016 FAO State of Food and Agriculture (SOFA) report. It was produced through desk research and analysis of existing agricultural and climate finance literature. Moreover, qualitative interviews with key experts representing different stakeholder groups in the agriculture, climate, and financial sectors were conducted to inform the potential opportunities and innovations that should be further explored to make climate finance work for agriculture. Finally, a collection of supporting case studies were provided by different stakeholders to showcase some of the most successful and innovative examples already being implemented in the climate finance community.It is important to note that this is a discussion paper that aims to explore the intersection between climate and agriculture finance by generating dialogue. Hence, the paper explores a relatively new field and proposes innovative interventions that either are being tested or could be tested to increase the leverage of private capital and strengthen the links between financial institutions on the one hand and smallholder farmers and SMEs on the other. The objective of the paper is to generate discussion around this topic and, therefore, no blanket recommendations or descriptive interventions are proposed. A growing population and changing diets are driving up the demand for food. Production is struggling to keep up as crop yields level off in many parts of the world, ocean health declines, and natural resources- including soils, water and biodiversity-are stretched dangerously thin. Climate change is critically interrelated with agriculture. On the one hand, agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. This paper proposes three different avenues to use climate finance to achieve this goal: a) Designing and adapting innovative mechanisms to leverage additional sources of capital, from both public and private sources, that can be directed towards climate smartinvestments in the agriculture sector. b) Identifying entry points for directing climate finance into agriculture and for linking FIs to smallholders and agricultural SMEs, including through capacity building and technical assistance. c) Providing technical assistance to increase investments in agriculture.Finally, this paper presents several suggestions to contribute to the achievement of the ideas presented in this paper, including the need for increased knowledge on innovative financial instruments and mechanisms, bridging information gaps, identifying opportunities, promoting dialogue and cooperation, and designing an action plan to move this agenda forward.

Agriculture --- Climate Change --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Environment --- Environment and Natural Resource Management --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial and Private Sector Development --- Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Support --- Private Sector Development --- Rural Development --- Rural Services and Infrastructure --- Small and Medium Size Enterprises

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This report summarizes the results and lessons learned from the Technical Assistance (TA) Support to Rural Sanitation Scale Up under the Philippine National Sustainable Sanitation Plan. The TA was carried out by the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program from July 2012 to March 2016, and is part of a larger programmatic assistance by the Bank to the Government of the Philippines in framing relevant institutional and financial reforms by key sector agencies and in strengthening the government's capacity to accelerate delivery of basic water and sanitation services particularly to the poor. This synthesis report provides recommendations to consolidate and accelerate the scaling up rural sanitation initiative focusing on priorities for World Bank engagement and alignment with the incoming government's overall strategic direction.

Capacity Building --- Children --- Decision Making --- Environmental Health --- Health --- Health and Sanitation --- Health Monitoring & Evaluation --- Health, Nutrition and Population --- Hygiene --- Hygiene Promotion and Social Marketing --- Knowledge --- Marketing --- Millennium Development Goals --- Morbidity --- Mortality --- Nurses --- Nutrition --- Population --- Posters --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty Strategy, analysis and Monitoring --- Prevention --- Public Policy --- Quality of Life --- Rural Development --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Rural Services and Infrastructure --- Rural Water Supply and Sanitation --- Sanitation --- Soap --- Social Protection and Risk Management --- Technical Assistance --- Urban Areas --- Waste --- Water Supply --- Water Supply and Sanitation --- Women --- Workers

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Agriculture in Tanzania accounts for 28 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs 80 percent of its labor force. The sector is also an important source of export revenues. The data and findings presented in this report provide a summary of the performance of the agriculture sector in Tanzania using a set of indicators covering six areas. These are: 1) access to and availability of certified seed; 2) availability of and access to fertilizer; 3) access to farm machinery, particularly tractor hire services for land preparation; 4) access to agricultural and agro-enterprise finance; 5) the cost and efficiency of transporting agricultural commodities; and 6) measures of policy certainty and uncertainty as perceived by private investors and the effects these have on the enabling environment for producers and agribusinesses. The Agribusiness Indicators (ABI) team conducted interviews with Government agencies, private firms (fertilizer importers, seed companies, tractor importers and distributors, transporters), commercial banks, farmer-based organizations, donors, and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The ABI program is pilot testing an initial set of indicators on the ease (or difficulty) of operating agribusinesses in African countries. The indicators are used to assess whether the countries have an enabling environment that is conducive to agribusiness investment, competitiveness, and ultimately agriculture-led growth.

Access to Finance --- Accreditation --- Agribusiness --- Agricultural Finance --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Capacity Building --- Cash Crops --- Chambers of Commerce --- Climate --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Coffee --- Collateral --- Commercial Banks --- Commercialization --- Contract Farming --- Cooperatives --- Cotton --- Crop Yields --- Economies of Scale --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Services --- Food Security --- Fuel Prices --- Grains --- Interest Rates --- Maize --- Maritime Transport --- Microfinance Institutions --- Natural Resources --- Population Density --- Profitability --- Rice --- Roads --- Rural Development --- Rural Services and Infrastructure --- Savings --- Seeds --- Smallholders --- Transport --- Transport Costs --- Urban Areas --- Villages --- Wheat

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Because agriculture is the economic backbone of most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia, any meaningful sustainable development program in the continent must therefore be anchored in the sector. The concept for this study on agribusiness indicators was based on the vital role that agribusiness plays in agricultural development. The study focuses on agribusiness indicators (ABI) to identify and isolate the determining factors that lead private investors and other stakeholders to participate in agribusiness and to engage in discourse regarding its development. A more thorough empirical understanding of these determinants in turn can usefully inform the types of policy reforms that can promote agribusiness in Africa. In Ethiopia, the ABI team focused on the following success factors: a) access to critical factors of production of certified hybrid seeds, fertilizer, and mechanical input; b) enabling environment in terms of access of credit and transportation; and c) government expenditures on agriculture, and trade and regulatory policies that currently influence the agribusiness environment. The factors and indicators that the research team has included in this study are not exhaustive but rather are intended to serve as a pilot that could be scaled up to include more variables and countries. The findings of the study revealed the dominant role of the government in the seed and fertilizer markets. In the seed sub-sector, perennial shortages of both basic and certified seeds have greatly limited agricultural productivity in Ethiopia.

Agribusiness --- Agricultural Productivity --- Agricultural Sector --- Agricultural Sector Economics --- Agriculture --- Barley --- Beans --- Climate Change and Agriculture --- Cocoa --- Coffee --- Commercial Banks --- Cooperatives --- Cotton --- Crop Insurance --- Crop Yields --- Crops --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Economic Development --- Farming --- Food Security --- Gender --- Grains --- Horticultural Crops --- Hunger --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Irrigation --- Livestock --- Maize --- Natural Resources --- Pesticides --- Poultry --- Private Sector --- Rural Development --- Rural Population --- Rural Services and Infrastructure --- Seeds --- Streams --- Sugar --- Tomatoes --- Transaction Costs --- United Nations --- Usaid --- Wheat

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Migration is transforming rural economies, landscapes, and potentially, gender relations. Migration is one of the drivers of the so-called feminization of agriculture in Latin America. This feminization has relevance for everyone given agriculture's role in regional food security, national shared prosperity, and household resilience to shocks. The objective of this study is to investigate the feminization of agriculture as well as its implications for women's agency, household welfare, and agricultural productivity. This report provides some introduction to women in agriculture, lays out the study methodology, and provides background information on migration, women, and agriculture in Guatemala. Women's role in agriculture is even more crucial in Guatemala, which suffers from the double burden of chronic malnutrition and obesity. This analysis seeks to investigate the impact of male migration on agriculture, but also its implications for women's agency and agricultural productivity, as mediated by factors such as land tenure and access to agricultural extension services. This analysis seeks to better understand how male out-migration is influencing women's agency in agriculture; to understand if, when women are in control of their farms, it changes the types of decisions they make and thus the results that they obtain; and finally, to get a better sense of how these differences in agency (if any) lead to better or worse livelihood outcomes for the farm household. This study is based on a quantitative field survey conducted in August 2014, as well as qualitative focus groups and interviews conducted in May 2014 to test the questionnaire.

Agricultural --- Agricultural Extension Services --- Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems --- Agriculture --- Autonomy --- Beef --- Communities --- Crops --- Economic Development --- Economics --- Equality --- Family --- Food Security --- Gender --- Gender and Rural Development --- Health --- History --- Human Migrations & Resettlements --- International Food Policy Research Institute --- Knowledge --- Land --- Land Tenure --- Literacy --- Management --- Meat --- Migration --- Nutrition --- Poverty Reduction --- Property Rights --- Rural Development --- Rural Policies and Institutions --- Rural Services and Infrastructure --- Social Dev/Gender/Inclusion --- Women --- World Food Programme