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This book discusses the effect of microbiota on human health and disease. The microbiome is a complex collection of microorganisms. The microbial community differs across body sites, driven by different environmental conditions, immunological factors, and interactions between microbial species. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in the bioconversion of nutrients and detoxification, boosting immunity, and protecting against pathogenic microbes. This book addresses such topics as the pathogenesis and role of microbiota in disease, the relationship of the microbiome with obesity, the interactions of gut microbiota and the brain, and the development of functional foods fortified with probiotic microorganisms.

Prebiotics. --- Gastrointestinal system --- Microbiology.

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Drawing on expert opinions from the fields of nutrition, gut microbiology, mammalian physiology, and immunology, Diet-Microbe Interactions for Human Health investigates the evidence for a unified disease mechanism working through the gut and its resident microbiota, and linking many inflammation-related chronic diet associated diseases. State of the art post-genomic studies can highlight the important role played by our resident intestinal microbiota in determining human health and disease. Many chronic human diseases associated with modern lifestyles and diets - including those localized to

Gastrointestinal system --- Microbiology. --- Prebiotics --- Probiotics

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Gastrointestinal system --- Microbiology. --- Prebiotics --- Probiotics

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The purpose of this Special Issue, "Prebiotics and Probiotics", is to focus on the importance of intestinal microbiota for human health and disease and the possibilities of influencing its composition and function with probiotics and prebiotics. The goal is to clarify that the microbiome in the maternal fetal and during pediatric age, as well as the immediate changes that occur as new microbes are acquired postnatally play major roles in subsequent health and disease. Rapidly developing technologies for multi-omic analyses and systems biology are shifting paradigms in both scientific knowledge and clinical care. Finally, the idea will be to provide health professionals with comprehensive, understandable and highly readable updated information on the intestinal microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics.

Gastrointestinal system --- Microbiology. --- Prebiotics --- Probiotics

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Inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are characterized by an inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. They come out mostly by some symptoms like diarrhea and abdominal pain that can be associated with tiredness, anorexia, fever or other extra-intestinal symptoms (hepatic, ocular, cutaneous, articular). The mechanism of action of those disease is not well characterized but it is linked to a hyperactivity of the immune system against intestinal microbiota, mostly influenced by some genetic and environmental factors. Intestinal microbiota is the set of bacteria naturally existing in the digestive tract. The current treatments are symptomatic ones but not curatives, and aim to improve life’s quality of patients affected by inflammatory bowel disease. These include anti-inflammatory medicines such as aminosalicylates and corticoids, antibiotics, but also immunomodulators when anti-inflammatories are not sufficient and more recent treatments like anti-TNFalpha. Recent studies demonstrated that inflammatory bowel diseases are caused by a disturbance in the composition of intestinal microbiota. Indeed, there is a balance between benefic bacteria and pathogenic ones in the intestine and this balance is disturbed in case of inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics are “living microorganisms that, when administrated in adequate quantities, confers a benefit in recipient’s health” and prebiotics are non-digestible compounds that selectively stimulate the proliferation or activity of the bacteria in the colon. We will study the therapeutic interest of probiotics and prebiotics as new treatments of inflammatory bowel disease. Les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin (MICI) comprenant la maladie de Crohn ainsi que la recto-colite hémorragique sont caractérisées par une inflammation de la paroi du tube digestif. Elles se manifestent essentiellement par des symptômes tels que la diarrhée et des douleurs abdominales qui peuvent être accompagnés de fatigue, d’anorexie, de fièvre et d’autres manifestations extra-intestinales (hépatiques, oculaires, cutanées, articulaires). Le mécanisme d’action de ces maladies est mal connu mais est lié à une hyperréactivité du système immunitaire vis-à-vis du microbiote intestinal, souvent influencé par des facteurs génétiques et environnementaux. Le microbiote intestinal est la collection de bactéries présentes dans le tube digestif Les traitements déjà existants sont symptomatiques et non curatifs, et visent à améliorer la qualité de vie des patients atteints de MICI. Ceux-ci comprennent les anti-inflammatoires tels que les aminosalicylés et les corticostéroïdes, les antibiotiques, mais également les immunomodulateurs comme traitement de fond lorsque les anti-inflammatoires ne sont pas suffisants et des traitements plus récents comme les anti-TNFalpha. Des études récentes ont démontré que les maladies inflammatoires chroniques de l’intestin avaient pour cause une perturbation de la composition du microbiote intestinal. En effet, il existe une balance entre bactéries bénéfiques pour l’hôte et pathogènes dans l’intestin et celle-ci se trouve perturbée dans le cas des MICI. Les probiotiques sont des « microorganismes vivants qui, lorsqu’ils sont administrés en quantité adéquate, confère un bénéfice sur la santé de l’hôte » (Hill C et coll. 2014) et les prébiotiques sont des composés non digestibles qui stimulent de manière sélective la croissance ou l’activité de bactéries présentes dans le colon. Nous étudierons l’intérêt thérapeutique des probiotiques et des prébiotiques comme nouveaux traitements des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin.

Prebiotics --- Probiotics --- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases