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Spanning the globe and the centuries, Frances Karttunen tells the stories of sixteen men and women who served as interpreters and guides to conquerors, missionaries, explorers, soldiers, and anthropologists. These interpreters acted as uncomfortable bridges between two worlds; their own marginality, the fact that they belonged to neither world, underscores the complexity and tension between cultures meeting for the first time. The interpreters include:o Do-a Marina (La Malinche), who interpreted for Cortes in the conquest of Mexicoo Sacajawea, who accompanied Lewis and Clark on their expeditiono Sarah Winnemucca, a U.S. army scout and Washington lobbyist for the Northern Paiuteso Gaspar Antonio Chi, Maya Interpreter General for Yucatano Guaman Poma de Ayala, eyewitness reporter of the destruction of Inca cultureo Charles Eastman, a Sioux physician at Wounded Kneeo Larin Paraske, an informant for Finnish ethnographerso Do-a Luz Jimenez, Diego Rivera's model and a native informant to anthropologistso Mar'a Sabina, the Mazatec mushroom shaman who became a celebrity in the drug culture of the 1960so Ishi, the last surviving Yahi Indian.

Translators --- Linguistic informants --- Intercultural communication. --- Biography. --- Cross-cultural communication --- Communication --- Culture --- Cross-cultural orientation --- Cultural competence --- Multilingual communication --- Technical assistance --- Informants, Linguistic --- Native speakers as linguistic informants --- Linguistics --- Interpreters --- Linguists --- Translating services --- Anthropological aspects --- Methodology --- TRANSLATORS --- INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION --- LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES --- Language And Languages --- Language Arts & Disciplines --- Intercultural communication --- Language arts & disciplines

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#KVHA:Vertalers; biografieen --- #KVHA:Tolken; biografieen --- 82.033 --- Literatuur. Algemene literatuurwetenschap. Tolken --- tolken --- Interpreting --- Translation science --- Sociolinguistics --- Linguïstische informanten --- Vertalen en interculturele communicatie. --- Vertalers en tolken --- Biografieën. --- Translators --- Linguistic informants --- Intercultural communication --- Traducteurs --- Informateurs (Linguistique) --- Communication interculturelle --- Biography --- Biographies --- Interpreters --- Linguists --- Translating services --- Informants, Linguistic --- Native speakers as linguistic informants --- Linguistics --- Cross-cultural communication --- Communication --- Culture --- Cross-cultural orientation --- Cultural competence --- Multilingual communication --- Technical assistance --- Methodology --- Anthropological aspects

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Many approaches have already been proposed for classification and modeling in the literature. These approaches are usually based on mathematical mod­ els. Computer systems can easily handle mathematical models even when they are complicated and nonlinear (e.g., neural networks). On the other hand, it is not always easy for human users to intuitively understand mathe­ matical models even when they are simple and linear. This is because human information processing is based mainly on linguistic knowledge while com­ puter systems are designed to handle symbolic and numerical information. A large part of our daily communication is based on words. We learn from various media such as books, newspapers, magazines, TV, and the Inter­ net through words. We also communicate with others through words. While words play a central role in human information processing, linguistic models are not often used in the fields of classification and modeling. If there is no goal other than the maximization of accuracy in classification and model­ ing, mathematical models may always be preferred to linguistic models. On the other hand, linguistic models may be chosen if emphasis is placed on interpretability.

Language and languages --- Linguistic analysis (Linguistics) --- Linguistic informants. --- Linguistic models. --- Computational linguistics. --- Automatic language processing --- Language data processing --- Linguistics --- Natural language processing (Linguistics) --- Applied linguistics --- Cross-language information retrieval --- Mathematical linguistics --- Multilingual computing --- Data processing --- Models, Linguistic --- Typology (Linguistics) --- Informants, Linguistic --- Native speakers as linguistic informants --- Analysis, Linguistic (Linguistics) --- Analysis (Philosophy) --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Methodology --- Information Technology --- Artificial Intelligence --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer science. --- Computational Linguistics. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Models and Principles. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Computers. --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace