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This paper uses the Ricardian approach to examine how farmers in 11 countries in Africa have adapted to existing climatic conditions. It then estimates the effects of predicted changes in climate while accounting for whatever farmer adaptation might occur. This study differs from earlier ones by using farmers' own perceptions of the value of their land. Previous research, by contrast, has relied on either observed sale prices or net revenues, sometimes aggregated over geographically large tracts of terrain. The study also makes use of high resolution data describing soil quality and runoff. Furthermore, it tackles the challenges involved in modeling the effect of climate on agriculture in a study that includes countries in the northern and southern hemispheres, as well as the tropics. The study confirms that African agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate change. Even with perfect adaptation, regional climate change by 2050 is predicted to entail production losses of 19.9 percent for Burkina Faso and 30.5 percent for Niger. By contrast, countries such as Ethiopia and South Africa are hardly affected at all, suffering productivity losses of only 1.3 percent and 3 percent, respectively. The study also confirms the importance of water supplies as measured by runoff, which, being affected by both temperature and precipitation, may itself be highly sensitive to climate change.

Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate change research --- Common Property Resource Development --- Emissions --- Environment --- Global Environment --- Global warming --- Kyoto Protocol --- Potential impacts --- Precipitation --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Soil --- Temperature

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This paper examines the cost of producing emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism. Using project-specific data, cost functions are estimated using alternative functional forms. The results show that, in general, the distribution of projects in the pipeline does not correspond exclusively to the cost of generating anticipated credits. Rather, investment choices appear to be influenced by location and project type considerations in a way that is consistent with variable transaction costs and investor preferences among hosts and classes of projects. This implies that comparative advantage based on the marginal cost of abatement is only one of several factors driving Clean Development Mechanism investments. This is significant since much of the conceptual and applied numerical literature concerning greenhouse gas mitigation policies relies on presumptions about relative abatement costs. The authors also find that Clean Development Mechanism projects generally exhibit constant or increasing returns to scale. In contrast, they find variations among classes of projects concerning economies of time.

Abatement costs --- Agriculture --- CDM --- Climate Change Economics --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Kyoto Protocol --- Projects --- Rural Development --- Transport Economics Policy & Planning

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Greenhouse gases --- Climatic changes --- Gaz à effet de serre --- Climat --- Environmental aspects --- Government policy --- Aspect de l'environnement --- Changements --- Politique gouvernementale --- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Protocols, etc., 1997 Dec. 11. --- Climate Change --- International Negotiations --- Eastern European Developing Countries --- Kyoto Protocol

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Map bevat 39 A3-platen.

Bijbelverhalen. --- Conflicthantering. --- Eucharistie. --- Godsdienst --- Kerkelijk jaar. --- Kerstmis. --- Mozes. --- Nieuwe Testament. --- Oude Testament. --- Pasen. --- Basisonderwijs. --- 478.61 --- godsdienst --- Bijbelverhalen --- Godsdienst ; basisonderwijs --- 244.5 --- kijkplaten --- Schoolbooks - Didactic material --- Lager onderwijs --- 4e leerjaar lager onderwijs --- Basisonderwijs --- Kwartetspelen --- Kerkelijke feesten --- Kerken --- Plattegronden --- Jozef --- Diversiteit --- Zondaars --- Christus --- Schilderijen --- Kunsten --- Rothko, Mark --- Welzijnszorg --- Sociale welzijnszorg --- Kerstmis --- Herders --- Mozes --- Egypte --- Tien Geboden --- Chagall, Marc --- Kruisweg --- Laatste avondmaal --- Judas --- Bijbel --- Symbolen --- Franciscus van Assisi (heilige) --- Kyoto-Protocol --- Kwartetspel --- Filosofie --- Psychologie --- Sociologie --- Man --- Cultuur --- Erfelijkheidsleer --- Stadssamenleving --- Verpleegkunde --- Volwassene --- Kerkelijk feest --- Kerk (gebouw) --- Plattegrond --- Jozef (vader van Jezus) --- Inclusie --- Maatwerk --- Zondaar --- Jezus Christus --- Schilderij --- Kunst --- Zorg- en welzijnssector --- Herder --- Symbool --- Fransiscus van Assisi (heilige) --- Sint-Jozef (heilige)

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This strategic framework serves to guide and support the operational response of the World Bank Group (WBG) to new development challenges posed by global climate change. Unabated, climate change threatens to reverse hard-earned development gains. The poorest countries and communities will suffer the earliest and the most. Yet they depend on actions by other nations, developed and developing. While climate change is an added cost and risk to development, a well-designed and implemented global climate policy can also bring new economic opportunities to developing countries. Climate change demands unprecedented global cooperation involving a concerted action by countries at different development stages supported by "measurable, reportable, and verifiable" transfer of finance and technology to developing countries. Trust of developing countries in equity and fairness of a global climate policy and neutrality of the supporting institutions is critical for such cooperation to succeed. Difficulties with mobilizing resources for achieving the millennium development goals and with agreeing on global agricultural trade underscore the political challenges. The framework will help the WBG maintain the effectiveness of its core mission of supporting growth and poverty reduction. While recognizing added costs and risks of climate change and an evolving global climate policy. The WBG top priority will be to build collaborative relations with developing country partners and provide them customized demand-driven support through its various instruments from financing to technical assistance to constructive advocacy. It will give considerable attention to strengthening resilience of economies and communities to increasing climate risks and adaptation. The operational focus will be on improving knowledge and capacity, including learning by doing. The framework will guide operational programs of WBG entities to support actions whose benefits to developing countries are robust under significant uncertainties about future climate policies and impacts-actions that have "no regrets."

Afforestation --- Capital Markets --- Carbon Credits --- Carbon Dioxide --- Carbon Finance --- Clean Energy --- Climate --- Climate Change --- Climate Change and Environment --- Coal --- Coastal Areas --- Credit --- Decision Making --- Deforestation --- Developed Countries --- Economic Development --- Economics --- Ecosystems --- Electricity --- Emissions --- Energy --- Energy and Environment --- Energy Efficiency --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy Security --- Energy Supply --- Environment --- Environment and Energy Efficiency --- Environmental Economics & Policies --- Equity --- Food Production --- Forests --- Fossil Fuels --- Gdp --- Geothermal Energy --- Hydropower --- Incentives --- Insurance --- Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change --- International Energy Agency --- Knowledge --- Kyoto Protocol --- Land --- Malaria --- Natural Resources --- Nuclear Power --- Population Growth --- Poverty --- Power Sector --- Productivity --- Rainfall --- Renewable Energy --- Risk --- Risk Management --- Savings --- Securities --- Streams --- Temperature --- Trade --- Vehicles --- Waste --- Water --- Water Use --- Wetlands