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When an authoritarian regime collapses, what determines whether an opposition group will form a political party, be successful in mobilizing voters, and survive or dissolve as a group in subsequent years? Based on unique field research, Alanna C. Torres-Van Antwerp examines the origins of the dramatic political arc of Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood - from winning a plurality of parliamentary seats and the presidency in the first free elections in eighty years to being ousted from office eighteen months later through a popular coup - and finds common causal factors that structured the fates of other formerly repressed opposition groups in five comparative cases. She demonstrates how the processes of party formation, electoral mobilization, and party dissolution after the ousting of an authoritarian regime were shaped by the way that regime structured the resources, incentives, and constraints available to opposition groups in the previous era.
Opposition (Political science) --- Authoritarianism --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Egypt --- Politics and government --- Political science --- Divided government --- Political opposition --- Authority --- Moslem Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Society of the Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilâtı (Egypt) --- İhvan-ı Müslimin (Egypt) --- Aḥim ha-Muslemim (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn (Egypt) --- Frères musulmans (Egypt) --- Moslem Brothers (Egypt) --- Mifleget ha-El (Egypt) --- Party of God (Egypt) --- Ḥavurah ha-Islamit (Egypt) --- Islamic Community (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Bracia Muzułmanie (Egypt) --- Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Muslimbruderschaft (Egypt) --- جامعة الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جماعة الإخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعيات الإخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين --- جمعية الإخوان المسلين (Egypt ) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين، مصر --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (طگيپت) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (مصر) --- جمعية الٳخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- Fratelli musulmani (Egypt) --- Ikhwanul Muslimin (Egypt) --- Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Sociedad de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vānulmuslimūn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمون (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمين (Egypt)
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Annette Ranko analyses the Muslim Brotherhood’s challenging of the Mubarak regime and the ensuing struggle between the two from 1981 to 2011. She furthermore traces how the group evolved throughout the process of that struggle. She studies how the Brotherhood’s portrayal of itself as an attractive alternative to the regime provoked the Mubarak regime to level anti-Brotherhood propaganda in the state-run media in order to contain the group’s appeal amongst the public. The author shows how the regime’s portrayal of the Brotherhood and the Brotherhood’s engagement with it have evolved over time, and how this ideational interplay has combined with structural institutional aspects in shaping the group’s behaviour and ideology. Contents The State and the Brotherhood under Nasser and Sadat (1954–1981) Period 1 (1981–1987): Limited Mutual Tolerance and Goodwill Period 2 (1987–1995): Increasing Tension Period 3 (1995–2000): Repression and Silencing Period 4 (2000–2011): The War of Position at its Peak Target Groups Researchers and students in political science and Middle East Studies Practitioners in the field of foreign policy and development cooperation The Author Annette Ranko is a research fellow at the German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA) in Hamburg, Germany.
Social Sciences. --- Comparative Politics. --- Culture - Religion. --- Cultural Studies. --- Social sciences. --- Sciences sociales --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Political Science Theory --- Egypt --- Politics and government --- Egypte --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- Political science. --- Comparative politics. --- Cultural studies. --- Religion and culture. --- Political Science and International Relations. --- Sociology of Culture. --- Égypte --- جمهورية مصر العربية --- مِصر --- مَصر --- Maṣr --- Khēmi --- エジプト --- Ejiputo --- Egypti --- Egypten --- מצרים --- United Arab Republic --- Comparative political systems --- Comparative politics --- Government, Comparative --- Political systems, Comparative --- Political science --- Culture. --- Cultural sociology --- Culture --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- Social aspects --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Moslem Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Society of the Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilâtı (Egypt) --- İhvan-ı Müslimin (Egypt) --- Aḥim ha-Muslemim (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn (Egypt) --- Frères musulmans (Egypt) --- Moslem Brothers (Egypt) --- Mifleget ha-El (Egypt) --- Party of God (Egypt) --- Ḥavurah ha-Islamit (Egypt) --- Islamic Community (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Bracia Muzułmanie (Egypt) --- Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Muslimbruderschaft (Egypt) --- جامعة الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جماعة الإخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعيات الإخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين --- جمعية الإخوان المسلين (Egypt ) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين، مصر --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (طگيپت) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (مصر) --- جمعية الٳخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- Fratelli musulmani (Egypt) --- Ikhwanul Muslimin (Egypt) --- Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Sociedad de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vānulmuslimūn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمون (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- Comparative government. --- Study and teaching. --- Cultural studies
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Islam and politics --- Islam --- History --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Egypt --- Politics and government --- -Islam --- -Islam and politics --- -#GGSB: Religie (alg. - niet chr.) --- #GGSB: Islam --- 297.17 <62> --- 297 <62> --- 962 --- Politics and Islam --- Political science --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Political aspects --- Jam'iyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin (Egypt) --- Egypte --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- #GGSB: Religie (alg. - niet chr.) --- Moslem Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Society of the Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilâtı (Egypt) --- İhvan-ı Müslimin (Egypt) --- Aḥim ha-Muslemim (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn (Egypt) --- Frères musulmans (Egypt) --- Moslem Brothers (Egypt) --- Mifleget ha-El (Egypt) --- Party of God (Egypt) --- Ḥavurah ha-Islamit (Egypt) --- Islamic Community (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Bracia Muzułmanie (Egypt) --- Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Muslimbruderschaft (Egypt) --- جامعة الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جماعة الإخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعيات الإخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين --- جمعية الإخوان المسلين (Egypt ) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين، مصر --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (طگيپت) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (مصر) --- جمعية الٳخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- Fratelli musulmani (Egypt) --- Ikhwanul Muslimin (Egypt) --- Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Sociedad de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vānulmuslimūn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمون (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- Religie (alg. - niet chr.) --- Islam and politics - Egypt --- Islam - Egypt - History --- Islam - 20th century --- Egypt - Politics and government - 1970-1981
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On a sweltering June morning in 1933 a fifteen-year-old Muslim orphan girl refused to rise in a show of respect for her elders at her Christian missionary school in Port Said. Her intransigence led to a beating-and to the end of most foreign missions in Egypt-and contributed to the rise of Islamist organizations. Turkiyya Hasan left the Swedish Salaam Mission with scratches on her legs and a suitcase of evidence of missionary misdeeds. Her story hit a nerve among Egyptians, and news of the beating quickly spread through the country. Suspicion of missionary schools, hospitals, and homes increased, and a vehement anti-missionary movement swept the country. That missionaries had won few converts was immaterial to Egyptian observers: stories such as Turkiyya's showed that the threat to Muslims and Islam was real. This is a great story of unintended consequences: Christian missionaries came to Egypt to convert and provide social services for children. Their actions ultimately inspired the development of the Muslim Brotherhood and similar Islamist groups. In The Orphan Scandal, Beth Baron provides a new lens through which to view the rise of Islamic groups in Egypt. This fresh perspective offers a starting point to uncover hidden links between Islamic activists and a broad cadre of Protestant evangelicals. Exploring the historical aims of the Christian missions and the early efforts of the Muslim Brotherhood, Baron shows how the Muslim Brotherhood and like-minded Islamist associations developed alongside and in reaction to the influx of missionaries. Patterning their organization and social welfare projects on the early success of the Christian missions, the Brotherhood launched their own efforts to "save" children and provide for the orphaned, abandoned, and poor. In battling for Egypt's children, Islamic activists created a network of social welfare institutions and a template for social action across the country-the effects of which, we now know, would only gain power and influence across the country in the decades to come.
Christianity and other religions -- Islam -- History -- 20th century. --- Islam -- Relations -- Christianity -- History -- 20th century. --- Jamʿīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) -- History. --- Missions -- Egypt -- History -- 20th century. --- Missions to Muslims -- Egypt -- History -- 20th century. --- Orphans -- Services for -- Egypt -- History -- 20th century. --- Public welfare -- Egypt -- History -- 20th century. --- Missions --- Missions to Muslims --- Orphans --- Public welfare --- Islam --- Christianity and other religions --- Religion --- Philosophy & Religion --- Christianity --- Syncretism (Christianity) --- Religions --- Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Muslims --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Orphans and orphan-asylums --- Children --- Christian missions --- Missions, Foreign --- Theology, Practical --- Proselytizing --- History --- Services for --- Relations --- Government policy --- Orphaned children --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Moslem Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Society of the Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilâtı (Egypt) --- İhvan-ı Müslimin (Egypt) --- Aḥim ha-Muslemim (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn (Egypt) --- Frères musulmans (Egypt) --- Moslem Brothers (Egypt) --- Mifleget ha-El (Egypt) --- Party of God (Egypt) --- Ḥavurah ha-Islamit (Egypt) --- Islamic Community (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Bracia Muzułmanie (Egypt) --- Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Muslimbruderschaft (Egypt) --- جامعة الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جماعة الإخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعيات الإخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين --- جمعية الإخوان المسلين (Egypt ) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين، مصر --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (طگيپت) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (مصر) --- جمعية الٳخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- Fratelli musulmani (Egypt) --- Ikhwanul Muslimin (Egypt) --- Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Sociedad de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vānulmuslimūn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمون (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- History.
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Despite playing a marginal role in the spectacular 2011 Arab Spring uprising that ended Hosni Mubarak's reign, how did the Muslim Brotherhood win power so quickly in Egypt? And why did the Brotherhood's Mohamed Morsi, the country's first democratically elected president, fall from power only 891 days after Mubarak in the face of widespread protests and then a bloody military coup? In Arab Fall, Eric Trager examines the decisionmaking of the Brotherhood and their political arm, the Freedom and Justice Party, throughout this critical period and answers why their time in power was so short. Based in part on interviews with dozens of Brotherhood leaders and cadres including Morsi, Trager argues that the very organizational characteristics that helped the Brotherhood win power also contributed to their rapid downfall. While the organization's hierarchical structure allowed them unparalleled mobilizing capabilities, their autocratic governing style alienated much of the population and united diverse groups against them. Their insularity also left them entirely unprepared for the military coup and crackdown in July and August 2013. Trager concludes the book with an assessment the current state of Egyptian politics and whether or not the Brotherhood will reemerge in the future.
Mursī, Muḥammad, --- Ḥizb al-Ḥurrīyah wa-al-ʻAdālah (Egypt) --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Moslem Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Society of the Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilâtı (Egypt) --- İhvan-ı Müslimin (Egypt) --- Aḥim ha-Muslemim (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn (Egypt) --- Frères musulmans (Egypt) --- Moslem Brothers (Egypt) --- Mifleget ha-El (Egypt) --- Party of God (Egypt) --- Ḥavurah ha-Islamit (Egypt) --- Islamic Community (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Bracia Muzułmanie (Egypt) --- Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Muslimbruderschaft (Egypt) --- جامعة الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جماعة الإخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعيات الإخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين --- جمعية الإخوان المسلين (Egypt ) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين، مصر --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (طگيپت) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (مصر) --- جمعية الٳخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- Fratelli musulmani (Egypt) --- Ikhwanul Muslimin (Egypt) --- Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Sociedad de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vānulmuslimūn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمون (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- حزب الحرية والعدالة (Egypt) --- Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt) --- Freedom & Justice Party (Egypt) --- Fj Party (Egypt) --- FJP (Egypt) --- Egypt --- Égypte --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- جمهورية مصر العربية --- مِصر --- مَصر --- Maṣr --- Khēmi --- エジプト --- Ejiputo --- Egypti --- Egypten --- מצרים --- United Arab Republic --- Politics and government
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"Based on an investigation of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, the author shows how social services drive electoral support by affiliating the provider organization with the politically valuable traits of competence, compassion, and honesty"--
Social service --- Faith-based human services --- Islam and politics --- Faith-based social services --- Human services --- Church charities --- Benevolent institutions --- Philanthropy --- Relief stations (for the poor) --- Social service agencies --- Social welfare --- Social work --- Political aspects --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Moslem Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Society of the Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilâtı (Egypt) --- İhvan-ı Müslimin (Egypt) --- Aḥim ha-Muslemim (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn (Egypt) --- Frères musulmans (Egypt) --- Moslem Brothers (Egypt) --- Mifleget ha-El (Egypt) --- Party of God (Egypt) --- Ḥavurah ha-Islamit (Egypt) --- Islamic Community (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Bracia Muzułmanie (Egypt) --- Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Muslimbruderschaft (Egypt) --- جامعة الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جماعة الإخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعيات الإخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين --- جمعية الإخوان المسلين (Egypt ) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين، مصر --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (طگيپت) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (مصر) --- جمعية الٳخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- Fratelli musulmani (Egypt) --- Ikhwanul Muslimin (Egypt) --- Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Sociedad de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vānulmuslimūn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمون (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- Egypt --- Égypte --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- جمهورية مصر العربية --- مِصر --- مَصر --- Maṣr --- Khēmi --- エジプト --- Ejiputo --- Egypti --- Egypten --- מצרים --- United Arab Republic --- Politics and government
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Islam and politics --- Islam et politique --- Jam'iyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin (Egypt) --- Jam'iyat al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin (Syria) --- Egypt --- Syria --- Egypte --- Syrie --- Politics and government --- Politique et gouvernement --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Syria) --- Islam --- Politics and Islam --- Political science --- Political aspects --- Ǧamʻīyat al-Ih̲wān al-Muslimīn (Syria) --- Muslimbrüder Syriens (Society) --- Gesellschaft der Muslimbrüder (Syria) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين (سورية) --- Moslem Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Muslim Brotherhood (Egypt) --- Society of the Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Müslüman Kardeşler Teşkilâtı (Egypt) --- İhvan-ı Müslimin (Egypt) --- Aḥim ha-Muslemim (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimūn (Egypt) --- Frères musulmans (Egypt) --- Moslem Brothers (Egypt) --- Mifleget ha-El (Egypt) --- Party of God (Egypt) --- Ḥavurah ha-Islamit (Egypt) --- Islamic Community (Egypt) --- Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- Bracia Muzułmanie (Egypt) --- Muslim Brothers (Egypt) --- Muslimbruderschaft (Egypt) --- جامعة الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جماعة الإخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعيات الإخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- جمعية الإخوان المسلمين --- جمعية الإخوان المسلين (Egypt ) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلمين، مصر --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (طگيپت) --- جمعية الاخوان المسلين (مصر) --- جمعية الٳخوان المسلمين (مصر) --- Fratelli musulmani (Egypt) --- Ikhwanul Muslimin (Egypt) --- Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Sociedad de los Hermanos Musulmanes (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vānulmuslimūn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمون (Egypt) --- Ik̲h̲vān al-Muslimīn (Egypt) --- اخوان المسلمين (Egypt) --- Égypte --- Ägypten --- Egitto --- Egipet --- Egiptos --- Miṣr --- Southern Region (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Region (United Arab Republic) --- Iqlīm al-Janūbī (United Arab Republic) --- Egyptian Territory (United Arab Republic) --- Egipat --- Arab Republic of Egypt --- A.R.E. --- ARE (Arab Republic of Egypt) --- Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al-ʻArabīyah --- Mitsrayim --- Egipt --- Ijiptʻŭ --- Misri --- Ancient Egypt --- Gouvernement royal égyptien --- جمهورية مصر العربية --- مِصر --- مَصر --- Maṣr --- Khēmi --- エジプト --- Ejiputo --- Egypti --- Egypten --- מצרים --- United Arab Republic --- Politics and government. --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Egypt). --- Jamʻīyat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn (Syria). --- Islam and politics - Egypt --- Islam and politics - Syria --- Egypt - Politics and government - 1952 --- -Syria - Politics and government
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