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Food chains (Ecology) --- Nutrient cycles --- Congresses. --- Congresses

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Food chains (Ecology) --- Marine ecology --- Congresses.

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Food chains (Ecology) --- Marine ecology --- Biotic communities.

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Sand flies are an ancient group of Diptera estimated to contain 1000 species. Approximately 70 of these transmit pathogens (viruses, bacteria and protists), which cause human and animal diseases. The most important are the Leishmania parasites, transmitted to humans and animals, during blood feeding by female sand flies, and which cause diseases that can be fatal or disfiguring. Sand flies are known to use volatile chemicals produced by plants to locate sugar meals, host odours to locate a blood meal, and chemicals from decaying vegetation and other sources to identify oviposition sites. In a limited number of cases, male sand flies also produce volatile chemicals (sex/aggregation pheromones) that are attractive to females and other males. The presence of sex/aggregation pheromones is well documented in Lutzomyia longipalpis sensu lato, the South American vector of Leishmania infantum, in which they were first identified 40 years ago. During this time, a range of behavioural and chemical methodologies have been applied to their study in the laboratory and the field. The presence of sex/aggregation pheromones has also been suggested in a small number of other New and Old-World vectors, but the evidence is incomplete, as it is either solely chemical, i.e. without supporting behavioural evidence or behavioural evidence is available, but there is no supporting chemical evidence. Within the Lu. longipalpis s.l. species complex, the sex/aggregation pheromones provide a taxonomic guide to the members of the complex. There are four different known chemical types (five members of the complex), and one of these, the most geographically widespread, has been synthesised in bulk quantity. The synthetic pheromone, co-located with insecticide, has been shown to significantly reduce numbers of sand flies, and leishmania infection in dogs, the reservoir of human infection, and could significantly impact the number of human cases.

Animal ecology. --- Habitat (Ecology) --- Food chains (Ecology)

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Fluctuations in fish populations in lakes can cascade through food webs to alter nutrient cycling, algal biomass and primary production. Trophic cascades may interact with nutrients and physical factors to explain most of the variance in lake ecosystem process rates. In this 1993 book, a multidisciplinary research team tests this idea by manipulating whole lakes experimentally, and coordinating this with palaeolimnological studies, simulation modelling, and small-scale enclosure experiments. Consequences of predator-prey interactions, behavioural responses of fishes, diel vertical migration of zooplankton, plankton community change, primary production, nutrient cycling and microbial processes are described. Palaeolimnological techniques enable the reconstruction of trophic interactions from past decades. Prospects for analysing the interaction of food web structure and nutrient input in lakes are explored.

Lake ecology. --- Biological productivity. --- Food chains (Ecology)