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Contraint ou délibéré, le changement est une composante de toute organisation. Il concerne nécessairement les acteurs associatifs : dirigeants, professionnels ou bénévoles, mais aussi usagers d'un service. Pour ne pas être subi, le changement en association doit être expliqué, analysé et accompagné. Il est dès lors essentiel d'explorer les représentations collectives, de comprendre les logiques d'action, de cerner le sens qu'en donnent les acteurs concernés.

Welfare economics. --- Externalities (Economics)

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May 1995 How does an economy's efficiency in financial transactions affect its efficiency in physical production? And how does the volume of financial transactions relate to the level of real activity? There is a close, if imperfect, relationship between the effectiveness of an economy's capital markets and its level (or rate of growth) of real development. This may be because financial markets provide liquidity, promote the sharing of information, or permit agents to specialize. There is literature about how these functions help increase real activity, but surprisingly little literature predicting how the volume of activity in financial markets relates to the level or efficiency of an economy's productive activity. Bencivenga, Smith, and Starr address this question: How does the efficiency of an economy's equity market -- as measured by transaction costs -- affect its efficiency in producing physical capital and, through this channel, final goods and services? The answer: As the efficiency of an economy's capital markets increases (that is, as the transaction costs fall), the general effect is to cause agents to make longer-term -- hence, more transaction-intensive -- investments. The result is a higher rate of return on savings and a change in its composition. These general equilibrium effects on the composition of savings cause agents to hold more of their wealth in the form of existing equity claims and to invest less in the initiation of new capital investments. As a result, a reduction in transaction costs can cause the capital stock either to rise or fall (under scenarios described in the paper). Further, a reduction in transaction costs will typically alter the composition of savings and investment, and any analysis of the consequences of such changes must take those effects into account. This paper -- a product of the Finance and Private Sector Development Division, Policy Research Department -- was prepared for a World Bank Conference on Stock Markets, Corporate Finance, and Economic Growth. The study was funded by the Bank's Research Support Budget under the research project Stock Market Development and Financial Intermediary Growth (RPO 679-53).

Transaction costs. --- Externalities (Economics)

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Contraint ou délibéré, le changement est une composante de toute organisation. Il concerne nécessairement les acteurs associatifs : dirigeants, professionnels ou bénévoles, mais aussi usagers d'un service. Pour ne pas être subi, le changement en association doit être expliqué, analysé et accompagné. Il est dès lors essentiel d'explorer les représentations collectives, de comprendre les logiques d'action, de cerner le sens qu'en donnent les acteurs concernés.

Welfare economics. --- Externalities (Economics)

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Comment comprendre l'action publique en matière d'inclusion sociale et professionnelle ? Comment en mesurer les évolutions, en évaluer les effets sur les territoires ? Comment prendre en compte les besoins des personnes dites « les plus éloignées » des qualifications sociales et professionnelles ou encore « invisibles » au regard des dispositifs d'insertion ; autrement dit comment œuvrer pour la participation de tous à la vie sociale et économique sur les territoires ? C'est en partant de ces questionnements que les auteurs de cet ouvrage ont engagé un travail de recherche-action au sein du service insertion d'un conseil départemental dont ils présentent ici certains des résultats.

Welfare economics. --- Externalities (Economics)

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This book deals with the current crises from a somewhat different the usual perspectives. It claims that causes and policy implications of these crises cannot be properly assessed by focusing on allocative efficiency or income growth alone; it requires a more general approach, based on social costs. It does not deal with social costs according to the Pigouvian or the Coasian traditions. It draws on the work of Original Institutional Economics (OIE) such as Thorstein Veblen, Karl William Kapp, and Karl Polanyi, on Post-Keynesians such as Hyman Minsky and, in general, on authors who have prov

Externalities (Economics) --- Institutional economics.