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Dans les années 1990 au Brésil, les territoires des populations traditionnelles amazoniennes sont, pour la première fois, reconnus par la loi. Le risque est clairement exposé : si l’accès aux ressources naturelles leur est coupé, ces peuples seront menacés de disparition. À partir de l’étude de cinq sites, une équipe de sociologues, géographes et anthropologues s’est efforcée de dégager les enjeux sociaux et spatiaux des populations traditionnelles. Ils ont, pour cela, minutieusement collecté et analysé des informations issues de données GPS, d’entretiens ou de rapports statistiques. Qu’entend-on par l’expression « populations traditionnelles » ? Quels rapports ces sociétés entretiennent-elles avec leur espace ? Comment le savoir territorial, qui fait leur originalité, se transmet-il des anciennes aux nouvelles générations ? Autant de questions auxquelles répond cet ouvrage ambitieux et richement illustré.

Environmental studies, Geography & Development --- Amazonie --- environnement --- ethnies --- agriculture --- vie rurale --- ethnologie --- cartographie --- mobilité

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Sociologie --- Ethnies --- Afrique centrale --- Anthropologie --- Zaïre --- Bantou --- Condition de la femme

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Regional documentation --- Agronomy --- Cameroon --- Ethnology --- -Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Anthropology --- Human beings --- North Province (Cameroon) --- -Description and travel --- -North Province (Cameroon) --- Cultural anthropology --- Province du Nord (Cameroon) --- Nord (Cameroon) --- North (Cameroon) --- Far North Province (Cameroon) --- Adamaoua (Cameroon) --- Description and travel. --- Landbouweconomie --- Landelijke documentatie --- Kameroen --- Langues --- Economie --- Commerce --- Urbanisation --- Afrique centrale --- Géographie --- Population --- Démographie --- Migrations --- Agriculture --- Elevage --- Cameroun --- Ethnies

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Le chamanisme et la possession n'appartiennent pas au passé, bien au contraire. Partout, que ce soit en Sibérie, en Asie du Sud-Est, en Afrique ou aux Amériques, l'idée d'une alliance possible avec la surnature est vivante. Le désenchantement annoncé du monde tarde, car, lorsque le malheur frappe et ébranle les certitudes, le recours aux spécialistes des esprits demeure privilégié. En quoi le vaudou haïtien ou le chamanisme coréen permettent-ils de faire face à l'infortune, de surmonter l'adversité ? Comment le tambour du chamane bouriate ou le couteau ensanglanté du possédé marocain peuvent-ils faire refluer la maladie ? Confrontant sa connaissance approfondie des cultes de possession au Maroc, en particulier celui des Gnawa, avec d'autres études, Bertrand Hell met en évidence le fondement anthropologique de ces pratiques. Pour cela, il nous invite à comprendre la place extraordinaire réservée, dans chaque société, à l'allié des esprits. Alors se dessine la figure universelle d'un maître du désordre associé à l'ambivalence, à la transgression et au «bricolage». Rompant avec les a priori réducteurs, cet ouvrage livre un éclairage original sur l'efficacité symbolique du chamanisme et de la possession.

Ethnologie --- Mythologie --- Symbolique --- Shamanism --- Demoniac possession --- le pouvoir du chamane --- le savoir d'une possédée --- magie et religion --- possession et chamanisme dans l'islam --- les Gnawa --- psychopathologie --- maladie et initiation --- mythes --- rites --- délivrance des messages --- la divination --- ordo rerum --- le monde des esprits --- la diabolisation des esprits --- furie et altérité --- sexualité --- philosophie du désordre --- alliance avec les esprits --- manipulation symbolique --- la puissance de conviction --- la condition humaine --- cultures et ethnies

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Many historical processes are dynamic. Populations grow and decline. Empires expand and collapse. Religions spread and wither. Natural scientists have made great strides in understanding dynamical processes in the physical and biological worlds using a synthetic approach that combines mathematical modeling with statistical analyses. Taking up the problem of territorial dynamics--why some polities at certain times expand and at other times contract--this book shows that a similar research program can advance our understanding of dynamical processes in history. Peter Turchin develops hypotheses from a wide range of social, political, economic, and demographic factors: geopolitics, factors affecting collective solidarity, dynamics of ethnic assimilation/religious conversion, and the interaction between population dynamics and sociopolitical stability. He then translates these into a spectrum of mathematical models, investigates the dynamics predicted by the models, and contrasts model predictions with empirical patterns. Turchin's highly instructive empirical tests demonstrate that certain models predict empirical patterns with a very high degree of accuracy. For instance, one model accounts for the recurrent waves of state breakdown in medieval and early modern Europe. And historical data confirm that ethno-nationalist solidarity produces an aggressively expansive state under certain conditions (such as in locations where imperial frontiers coincide with religious divides). The strength of Turchin's results suggests that the synthetic approach he advocates can significantly improve our understanding of historical dynamics.

Historical sociology --- Historische sociologie --- Sociologie [Historische ] --- Sociologie historique --- Sociology [Historical ] --- Historiometry. --- History --- Mathematical models. --- Historiometry --- Historiometrics --- Biography --- Psychohistory --- Historical models --- Mathematical models --- Methodology --- Psychological aspects --- Statistical methods --- Asia Minor. --- Black Death. --- English Revolution. --- Europe. --- France. --- Russia. --- agrarian polities. --- asabiya. --- autocatalytic model. --- boom–bust dynamics. --- boundless growth. --- class structure. --- cliodynamics. --- collective solidarity. --- collectivism. --- commoners. --- conflict legitimacy dynamics. --- cultural regions. --- demographic-fiscal model. --- demographic-structural theory. --- dynamical processes. --- elites. --- empires. --- endogenous systems. --- equilibrium. --- ethnic assimilation. --- ethnic identity. --- ethnies. --- ethnogenesis. --- ethnokinetic model. --- ethnokinetics. --- frontier index. --- frontiers. --- geopolitics. --- group dynamics. --- group solidarity. --- hierarchical modeling. --- historical dynamics. --- historical sociology. --- imperial boundaries. --- individualism. --- internal warfare. --- linguistic assimilation. --- marchland position. --- mathematical modeling. --- mathematical models. --- mathematical theory. --- metaethnic fault lines. --- metaethnic frontier theory. --- metaethnic frontiers. --- metaethnie. --- metastable dynamics. --- noninteractive model. --- nonlinear dynamics. --- political cycles. --- political instability. --- polity dynamics. --- population density. --- population dynamics. --- population numbers. --- population oscillations. --- primary data. --- process order. --- quantitative theories. --- religious conversion. --- secondary data. --- secular cycles. --- secular oscillations. --- social capital. --- socioeconomic dynamics. --- sociopolitical stability. --- state breakdown. --- sustained oscillations. --- territorial dynamics. --- threshold model. --- vulnerability.