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This book provides a resource for the scientist or medical professional interested in the topic of insulin resistance. With a mix of review and primary data articles, emerging paradigms in insulin resistance are highlighted. The topics are succinctly presented, and distinct viewpoints are represented. An introduction to the Special Issue that provides summaries of the studies included, is provided by the Guest Editor, Dr. Susan Burke, and her colleague at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Dr. Jason Collier.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- epicardial adipose tissue --- hypertrophy of adipocytes --- CAD severity --- adipokines --- insulin resistance --- insulin-degrading enzyme --- pancreas --- liver --- insulin receptor --- glucose transporters --- acute intermittent porphyria --- carbohydrate loading therapy --- hyperinsulinemia --- fast-acting insulin --- experimental liver-targeted insulin --- hyperinsulinaemia --- osteocalcin --- beta-hydroxybutyrate --- phenotype --- stages --- serotonin --- glucagon-like peptide-1 --- glucagon --- type 2 diabetes --- hyperglycaemia --- apoptosis --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- glucosamine --- pancreatic β-cell dysfunction --- ovariectomy --- raloxifene --- Negr1 --- obesity --- metabolic disease --- metabolomics --- glucose intolerance --- genetic models --- beta hydroxybutyrate --- osteoporosis --- fragility fractures --- bone mineral density --- osteocalin --- vitamin D --- collagen --- hydroxyapatite --- diabetes --- inflammation --- thiazolidinedione --- n/a

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ROS were long considered one of the key players in tissue injury. Indeed, overproduction of ROS results in oxidative stress, a process leading to the development of many pathological conditions. For the treatment of these conditions, the use of antioxidants was proposed. Over time, it was shown that ROS at low concentrations act as signaling molecules, leading to the regulation of physiological functions. Moreover, several interventions that increase ROS generation activate stress-adaptive responses that extend the lifespan. It was also shown that excessive use of antioxidants can counter the beneficial effects of ROS. Currently, much progress has been made in understanding the role of ROS in human diseases and aging, as well as in the regulation of physiological functions, and in identifying the signaling pathways involved in ROS. However, much remains to be understood about the mutual interactions among signaling pathways underlying organisms’ adaptive responses, their modifications (which occur during aging), and some disease states. The aim of this Special Issue is to underline the effects of ROS production and antioxidant treatment in living organisms, focusing on their impact on health, disease, and aging.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- CTCL --- apoptosis --- cell viability --- c-FLIP --- XIAP --- artemisinin --- SH-SY5Y cells --- hippocampal neurons --- H2O2 --- AMPK pathway --- atherosclerosis --- sphingomyelin synthase 2 --- endothelial dysfunction --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- β-catenin --- insulin resistance --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- neurodegenerative disorders --- exercise --- mitochondria --- oxidative stress --- PGC-1 --- Nrf2 --- UCPs --- ROS --- light --- DNA damage --- evolution --- D-box --- cavefish --- Spalax --- trimethylamine N-oxide --- cardiomyocytes --- cardiotoxicity --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CORM-2 --- NADPH oxidase --- AP-1 --- HO-1 --- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glutathione (GSH) metabolism --- cancer therapy --- clear cell RCC --- papillary RCC --- chromophobe RCC --- sarcopenia --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- antioxidant supplementation --- protein aggregation --- redox --- proteinopathy --- peroxiredoxins --- tumorigenesis --- ROS scavengers --- CTCL --- apoptosis --- cell viability --- c-FLIP --- XIAP --- artemisinin --- SH-SY5Y cells --- hippocampal neurons --- H2O2 --- AMPK pathway --- atherosclerosis --- sphingomyelin synthase 2 --- endothelial dysfunction --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- β-catenin --- insulin resistance --- cancer --- cardiovascular disease --- neurodegenerative disorders --- exercise --- mitochondria --- oxidative stress --- PGC-1 --- Nrf2 --- UCPs --- ROS --- light --- DNA damage --- evolution --- D-box --- cavefish --- Spalax --- trimethylamine N-oxide --- cardiomyocytes --- cardiotoxicity --- mitochondrial membrane potential --- CORM-2 --- NADPH oxidase --- AP-1 --- HO-1 --- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glutathione (GSH) metabolism --- cancer therapy --- clear cell RCC --- papillary RCC --- chromophobe RCC --- sarcopenia --- reactive oxygen species --- redox signaling --- antioxidant supplementation --- protein aggregation --- redox --- proteinopathy --- peroxiredoxins --- tumorigenesis --- ROS scavengers

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Blindness and visual impairment impact significantly on an individual’s physical and mental well-being. Loss of vision is a global health problem, with approximately 250 million of the world’s population currently living with vision loss, of which 36 million are classified as blind. Visual impairment is more frequent in the elderly, with cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) accounting for over 50% of cases globally. Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of both conditions, and consequently the role of nutritional factors, in particular carotenoids and micronutrient antioxidants, have been investigated as possible preventative or therapeutic strategies. Dry eye syndrome (DES) is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions in the world. DES occurs where the eye does not produce enough tears and/or the tears evaporate too quicklyleading to discomfort and varying degrees of visual disturbance. There has recently been a great deal of interest in the potential for oral or topical supplementation with essential fatty acids (EFAs), specifically omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as an adjunct to conventional treatments for DES. The objective of this Special Issue on ‘Nutrition and Eye Health’ is to publish papers describing the role of nutrition in maintaining eye health and the use of nutritional interventions to prevent or treat ocular disease. A particular (but not exclusive) emphasis will be on papers (reviews and/or clinical or experimental studies) relating to cataract, AMD and DES.

polyphenols --- n/a --- crocin --- chyrsin --- glaucoma --- dietary assessment --- photoreceptor degeneration --- dry eye --- RR-zeaxanthin --- nutritional supplements --- drug discovery --- corneal neovascularization (CNV) --- AMD --- dietary antioxidants --- micronutrients --- age-related macular degeneration --- preclinical models --- lenses --- microvascular lesions --- cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) --- angiogenesis --- fish oil --- macrophage --- anti-oxidant --- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) --- rosmarinic acid --- visual cycle --- diabetic retinopathy --- lutein --- gut-retina axis --- light damage --- crocetin --- supplements --- clinical practice guidelines --- nutrition --- light --- eye disease --- dietary habits --- flavonoids --- phytoconstituents --- saffron --- carotenoids --- fatty acid --- electroretinography --- lens --- advanced glycation end products --- interleukin-1? (IL-1?) --- mesozeaxanthin (RS zeaxanthin) --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids --- clinical survey --- corneal chemical burn --- reduced glutathione --- omega-3 --- AGREE II --- retina --- inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- retinal pigment epithelium --- diet --- Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 --- Crocus Sativus L. --- saponins --- cataract --- CODS --- neoangiogenesis --- estrogen-deficient rats --- food frequency questionnaire --- gut microbiota --- antioxidant supplements --- sinapic acid --- personalised medicine --- systematic reviews --- nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-?B) --- diabetes --- Cucurbita argyrosperma --- oxidative stress --- endoplasmic reticulum

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases

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Ubiquitination is a biological process mediated by ubiquitin itself, the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme, E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E3 ubiquitin ligase, and deubiquitinating enzyme, respectively. Currently, these multiple biological steps are revealed to participate in various life phenomena, such as cell proliferation, regulation of cell surface proteins expression, and mitochondrial function, which are profoundly related to human health and diseases. Although clinical applications targeting ubiquitination are still limited compared to those directed toward kinase systems such as tyrosine kinases, multiple enzymatic consequences should be future therapeutic implications. This Special Issue of IJMS entitled “Ubiquitination in Health and Disease” successfully published15 distinguished manuscripts, with a total of 66 international authors and. This book provides the latest and most useful information for researchers and scientists in this field.

deubiquitinase --- degradation --- therapeutic target --- cancer --- hematopoiesis --- hematopoietic stem cells --- immune response --- regulation of gene expression --- ubiquitin system --- genetic diseases --- ubiquitin ligase --- deubiquitinases --- monoubiquitin signaling --- vesicular trafficking --- protein complex formation --- inflammation --- inhibitor --- innate immune --- interferon --- LUBAC --- NF-κB --- ubiquitin --- Parkinson’s disease --- dopa-responsive dystonia --- tyrosine hydroxylase --- α-synuclein --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- ubiquitination --- proteasomal degradation --- ubiquitin-proteasome system --- mitochondria --- E3 ubiquitin ligase --- MITOL/MARCH5 --- salt-sensitive hypertension --- Nedd4L/Nedd4-2 --- epithelial sodium channel --- aldosterone sensitive distal nephron --- excitation-transcription coupling --- RNF183 --- RNF186 --- RNF182 --- RNF152 --- RING finger --- mTOR --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- osmotic stress --- ubiquitin code --- virus infection --- virus-host interaction --- tau protein --- semisynthesis --- disulfide-coupling --- polyubiquitin --- fibrils --- aggregation --- neurodegeneration --- deubiquitination --- inhibitors --- protein quality control --- proteolysis --- protein stabilization --- regulatory T cells --- mesenchymal stem cell --- cortical bone derived stem cell --- myocardial infarction --- blood pressure --- renal salt reabsorption --- vascular function --- ubiquitin proteasome system --- ubiquitin–proteasome pathway --- cilia --- ciliogenesis --- differentiation --- proliferation --- ciliopathy --- E3s --- DUBs --- UPS --- neurodegenerative disease --- immune-related diseases