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Since years, patterning and function of some brain parts such as the cortex in the forebrain and the optical tectum or cerebellum in the midbrain/hindbrain region are under strong investigation. Interestingly the diencephalon located in the caudal forebrain has been ignored for decades. Consequently, the existing knowledge from the development of this region to function in the mature brain is very fragmented. The central part of the diencephalon is the thalamus. This central relay station plays a crucial role in distributing incoming sensory information to appropriate regions of the cortex. The thalamus develops in the posterior part of the embryonic forebrain, where early cell fate decisions are controlled by local signaling centers. In this Research Topic we discuss recent achievements elucidating thalamic neurogenesis - from neural progenitor cells to highly specialized neurons with cortical target cells in great distance. In parallel, we highlight developmental aspects leading from the early thalamic anlage to the late the organization of the complex relay station of the brain.

Thalamus. --- Thalamus --- Neurosciences. --- Growth. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Optic thalamus --- Brain --- Diencephalon --- thalamic neurogenesis --- Neurons --- neural plate patterning --- neural progenitor cells

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The Atlas of the Human Hypothalamus presents for the first time a detailed view of the cyto- and myeloarchitecture of the human hypothalamus. Providing high-resolution images of consecutive coronal sections, this book illustrates the brain area that is responsible for maintaining the homeostasis of the body by direct neuronal projections as well as by linking the central nervous system to the endocrine system. The primary goal of this atlas is to provide detailed morphological understanding of the hypothalamic structures that control numerous vital functions as well as to provide a tool to target hypothalamic areas during deep brain stimulation.--

Hypothalamus --- Diencephalon --- Endocrine glands --- Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system --- Limbic system --- Hypothalamus. --- Preoptico-Hypothalamic Area --- Lamina Terminalis --- Area, Preoptico-Hypothalamic --- Areas, Preoptico-Hypothalamic --- Preoptico Hypothalamic Area --- Preoptico-Hypothalamic Areas

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Hypothalamus. --- Diencephalon --- Endocrine glands --- Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system --- Limbic system --- Preoptico-Hypothalamic Area --- Lamina Terminalis --- Area, Preoptico-Hypothalamic --- Areas, Preoptico-Hypothalamic --- Preoptico Hypothalamic Area --- Preoptico-Hypothalamic Areas

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Hypothalamus. --- Preoptico-Hypothalamic Area --- Lamina Terminalis --- Area, Preoptico-Hypothalamic --- Areas, Preoptico-Hypothalamic --- Preoptico Hypothalamic Area --- Preoptico-Hypothalamic Areas --- Diencephalon --- Endocrine glands --- Hypothalamo-hypophyseal system --- Limbic system

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This monograph gives an overview of the STN. It treats the position of the STN in hemiballism, based on older and recent data. The cytology encompasses the neuronal types present in the STN in nearly all studied species and focuses on interneurons and the extent of their dendrites. Ultrastructural features are described for cat and baboon (F1, F2, Sr, LR1, LR2 boutons and d.c.v. terminals, together with vesicle containing dendrites), the cytochemistry is focused on receptors (dopamine, cannabinoid, opioid, glutamate, GABA, serotonin, and cholinergic-, purinergic ones) and calcium binding proteins and calcium channels. The development of the subthalamic nucleus from the subthalamic cell cord is given together with its developing connections. The topography of rat, cat, baboon and man is worked out as to cytology, sagittal borders, surrounding nuclei and tracts, and aging of the human STN. The connections of the STN are extensively elaborated on: cortical-, subthalamo-cortical-, pallidosubthalamic-, pedunculopontine-, raphe-, thalamic-, central grey-, and nigral connections. Emphasis is put on human connections. Recent nigro-subthalamic studies showed a contralateral projection. The role of the STN in the basal ganglia circuitry is described as to the direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathway. The change the STN undergoes in Parkinson’s disease in neuronal firing rate and firing pattern is demonstrated together with the possible mechanisms of deep brain stimulation. The results of in vitro measurements on dissociated cultured subthalamic neurons are presented. The preliminary effects of application of acetylcholine and high frequency stimulation are described. This part is preceded with studies concerning spontaneous activity, depolarizing and hyperpolarizing inputs, synaptic inputs, high frequency stimulation, and burst activity of STN cells. The last extensive part concerns STN cell models and simulation of neuronal networks. Single cell models (model of Otsuka and Terman/Rubin) are compared and the multi-compartment model of Gillies and Willshaw is explored. The globus pallidus externus-STN network as proposed by Terman is briefly described. The monograph finishes with a series of interpretations of the results.

Subthalamus. --- Subthalamus --- Cytology. --- Development. --- Medicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Biomedicine. --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Medical sciences --- Nervous system --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Corpus subthalamicum --- Brain --- Diencephalon