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To all those who witnessed his extraordinary conquests, from Albania to India, Alexander the Great appeared invincible. How Alexander himself promoted this appearance-how he abetted the belief that he enjoyed divine favor and commanded even the forces of nature against his enemies-is the subject of Frank L. Holt's absorbing book. Solid evidence for the "supernaturalized" Alexander lies in a rare series of medallions that depict the triumphant young king at war against the elephants, archers, and chariots of Rajah Porus of India at the Battle of the Hydaspes River. Recovered from Afghanistan and Iraq in sensational and sometimes perilous circumstances, these ancient artifacts have long animated the modern historical debate about Alexander. Holt's book, the first devoted to the mystery of these ancient medallions, takes us into the history of their discovery and interpretation, into the knowable facts of their manufacture and meaning, and, ultimately, into the king's own psyche and his frightening theology of war. The result is a valuable analysis of Alexander history and myth, a vivid account of numismatics, and a spellbinding look into the age-old mechanics of megalomania.

Coins, Greek. --- Coins, Ancient. --- Elephants in numismatics. --- Ancient coins --- Antieke munten --- Coins [Ancient ] --- Coins [Greek ] --- Elephants in numismatics --- Eléphants dans la numismatique --- Greek coins --- Monnaies -- Antiquité --- Monnaies antiques --- Monnaies de l'Antiquité --- Monnaies grecques --- Munten [Antieke ] --- Munten [Griekse ] --- Munten van de oudheid --- Numismatiek [Olifanten in de ] --- Numismatique [Eléphants dans la ] --- Olifanten in de numismatiek --- Alexander, --- Numismatics. --- Elephant (in numismatics) --- Alejandro, --- Alekjhāṇḍara, --- Aleksandar, --- Aleksander, --- Aleksandr, --- Alekʻsandre, --- Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Aleksandŭr, Makedonski, --- Alessandro, --- Alexander --- Alexandre, --- Alexandros --- Alexandros, --- Alexandros, Megalos, --- Alexandru, --- Alexantros, --- Iskandar, --- Maḳdonya, Aleksandros bar Filipos, --- Makedonski, Aleksandŭr, --- Megalexandros, --- Megas Alexandros, --- Nagy Sándor, --- Sikandar, --- Iskender, --- Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος, --- Ἀλέξανδρος --- אלכסנדר בן פיליפוס, --- אלכסנדר, --- اسكندر كبير --- اسکندر اعظم --- سکندراعظم --- Numismatics --- Aleksandŭr, --- Александър, --- Македонски, Александър, --- Coins, Ancient --- Coins, Greek --- Alexander the Great --- Alexander, -- the Great, -- 356-323 B.C. -- Numismatics.. --- Coins, Ancient.. --- Coins, Greek.. --- afghanistan. --- alexander the great. --- ancient history. --- ancient medallions. --- battle of the hydaspes river. --- biographical. --- biography. --- conquests. --- discussion books. --- elephant medallions. --- european history. --- hellenistic culture. --- hellenistic period. --- hellenistic society. --- historians. --- historical perspective. --- india. --- iraq. --- megalomania. --- myths and legends. --- nonfiction. --- numismatics. --- popular history. --- rajah porus. --- retrospective. --- supernatural success. --- theology of war. --- war. --- warfare.

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In the second half of the first millennium CE, the Christian Middle East fractured irreparably into competing churches and Arabs conquered the region, setting in motion a process that would lead to its eventual conversion to Islam. Jack Tannous argues that key to understanding these dramatic religious transformations are ordinary religious believers, often called "the simple" in late antique and medieval sources. Largely agrarian and illiterate, these Christians outnumbered Muslims well into the era of the Crusades, and yet they have typically been invisible in our understanding of the Middle East's history. What did it mean for Christian communities to break apart over theological disagreements that most people could not understand? How does our view of the rise of Islam change if we take seriously the fact that Muslims remained a demographic minority for much of the Middle Ages? In addressing these and other questions, Tannous provides a sweeping reinterpretation of the religious history of the medieval Middle East. This provocative book draws on a wealth of Greek, Syriac, and Arabic sources to recast these conquered lands as largely Christian ones whose growing Muslim populations are properly understood as converting away from and in competition with the non-Muslim communities around them.

Middle East --- Moyen Orient --- Religion --- 28 <5-011> --- 28 <5-011> Christelijke kerken, secten. Kristelijke kerken--(algemeen)--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- 28 <5-011> Les diverses Eglises chretiennes:--general--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Christelijke kerken, secten. Kristelijke kerken--(algemeen)--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Les diverses Eglises chretiennes:--general--Nabije-Oosten. Midden-Oosten --- Christians-Middle East-History. --- Middle East-Church history. --- Middle East-Religion-History-To 1500. --- RELIGION / Christianity / History. --- Abbasid Baghdad. --- Arab Muslim immigrants. --- Arab conquerors. --- Arab conquests. --- Arab encampments. --- Arabic. --- Chalcedonians. --- Christian Middle East. --- Christian authorities. --- Christian beliefs. --- Christian communities. --- Christian community. --- Christian confession. --- Christian doctrines. --- Christian education. --- Christian history. --- Christian identity. --- Christian leaders. --- Christian literature. --- Christian message. --- Christian movements. --- Christian schools. --- Christian tradition. --- Christianity. --- Christians. --- Christian–Muslim interaction. --- Christian–Muslim relations. --- Church of the East. --- Eucharist. --- Islam. --- Islamic history. --- Islamic tradition. --- Jacob of Edessa. --- Jews. --- Miaphysite church. --- Miaphysite. --- Miaphysites. --- Middle Ages. --- Middle East. --- Middle Eastern Christian. --- Muhammad. --- Muslim habitation. --- Muslim rule. --- Muslim tradition. --- Muslims. --- Prophet. --- Qenneshre. --- Roman Middle East. --- Roman Syria. --- Roman state. --- Syria. --- Syriac language. --- basic education. --- canons. --- church leaders. --- clergy. --- community formation. --- confessional allegiance. --- confessional indifference. --- continuities. --- cultural institutions. --- debate. --- doctrinal difference. --- doctrinal theology. --- educational institutions. --- family connections. --- garrison cities. --- intercultural exchange. --- learned philosophers. --- literacy. --- material benefits. --- medieval Middle East. --- military upheaval. --- monasteries. --- non-Muslims. --- political discontinuity. --- political power. --- post-Chalcedonian. --- religious believers. --- religious claims. --- religious competition. --- religious conversion. --- religious difference. --- religious diversity. --- religious dynamics. --- religious framework. --- religious minority. --- religious motivation. --- religious questions. --- religious tradition. --- religious traditions. --- rival churches. --- sacraments. --- salaf. --- shared experiences. --- shared settings. --- simple Christians. --- simple Muslims. --- simple believer. --- simple believers. --- simple faith. --- simplicity. --- theological literacy. --- theological speculation. --- translations. --- violence.

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"This third edition of Ira M. Lapidus's classic A History of Islamic Societies has been substantially revised to incorporate the insights of new scholarship and updated to include historical developments in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Lapidus's history explores the beginnings and transformations of Islamic civilizations in the Middle East and details Islam's worldwide diffusion to Africa, Spain, Turkey and the Balkans, Central, South and Southeast Asia, and North America, situating Islamic societies within their global, political, and economic contexts. It accounts for the impact of European imperialism on Islamic societies and traces the development of the modern national state system and the simultaneous Islamic revival from the early nineteenth century to the present. This book is essential for readers seeking to understand Muslim peoples."--Publisher information.

Islam --- History --- Islamic countries --- History. --- 905.1 --- 217 --- godsdienst --- geschiedenis --- cultuurgeschiedenis - algemeen --- islam --- World history --- Arab states --- history of Islamic societies --- Islamic civilizations --- The Middle East --- Middle Eastern societies before Islam --- Persian empires --- the Roman Empire --- the Sasanian Empire --- religion and society --- religions and empires --- marriage --- divorce --- sexual morality --- property and inheritance --- seclusion and veiling --- the preaching of Islam --- Arabia --- clans and kingdoms --- Mecca --- language --- the gods --- Muhammad --- state formation --- the Quran --- the Judeo-Christian heritage --- the Arabian heritage --- community and politics --- the Umma of Islam --- the Arab-Muslim imperium --- the Arab-Muslim empires --- the Arab-Muslim conquests --- economic and social change --- Iraq --- Syria and Mesopotamia --- poetry --- Egypt --- Iran --- conversions to Islam --- Arabic --- Middle Eastern languages --- the caliphate to 750 --- the Umayyad monarchy --- the Marwanids --- the 'Abbasids --- the 'Abbasid Empire --- Baghdad --- cosmopolitan Islam --- the Islam of the imperial elite --- religion and identity --- the ideology of imperial Islam --- Islam and iconoclasm --- the caliphate and Islam --- inquisition --- the Arabic humanities --- Persian literature --- Hellenistic literature --- philosophy --- urban Islam --- the Islam of scholars and holy men --- Sunni Islam --- the veneration of the Prophet --- early Muslim theology --- Ash'arism --- scripturalism --- hadith --- tradition and law --- asceticism and mysticism --- Sufism --- Shi'i Islam --- Isma'ili Shi'ism --- Muslim urban societies --- women and family --- non-Muslim minorities --- the early Islamic era --- Islamic legislation for non-Muslims --- Christians and Christianity --- Christian literature in Arabic --- Crusades --- the Egyptian Copts --- Christians in North Africa --- Jews and Judaism --- Egyptian and North African Jews --- the Gheniza era --- the yeshivas and rabbinic Judaism --- the nagid --- Jewish culture in the Islamic context --- continuity and change in the historic cultures of the Middle East --- religion and empire --- the post-'Abbasid Middle Eastern state system --- the Saljuq Empire --- the Mongols --- the Timurids --- Fatimid Egypt --- the Mamluk empire --- the iqta' system and Middle Eastern feudalism --- royal women --- women of urban notable families --- working women and popular culture --- jurisprudence and courts --- Islamic institutions --- mass Islamic society --- Muslim religious movements and the State --- the personal ethic --- normative Islam --- Al-Ghazali --- alternative Islam --- gnostic and popular Sufism --- Islamic philosophy and theosophy --- Ibn al-'Arabi --- the veneration of Saints --- imperial Islamic society --- the limits of worldy life --- state and religion in the Medieval Islamic paradigm --- the global expansion of Islam --- Turkish conquests and conversions --- Anatolia --- the Balkans --- Inner Asia --- India --- Southeast Asia --- sub-Saharan Africa --- Muslim elites --- the reform movement --- Islamic North Africa --- the Zirid empires --- the Banu Hilal --- the Almoravids --- the Almohads --- Islamic religious communities --- Spanish-Islamic civilization --- Hispano-Arabic society --- Hispano-Arabic culture --- the Reconquista --- Muslims under Christian rule --- Judaism in Spain --- Arabic culture --- Hebrew culture --- Latin culture --- convivencia --- the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal --- Jews in North Africa --- the expulsion of Muslims --- Tunisia --- Algeria --- Morocco --- the Marinid and Sa'dian states --- the 'Alawi dynasty --- states and Islam --- Islam in Asia --- the Turkish migrations --- the Ottoman empire --- Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia --- ghazi state --- the Ottoman world empire --- the janissaries --- Ottoman law --- royal authority --- cultural legitimization --- Ottoman identity --- the Ottoman economy --- Jews and Christians in the Ottoman Empire --- Greek Orthodox and Armenian Christians --- Coptic Christians --- Christians in the Ottoman Near East --- the Ottoman legal system and the family --- freedom and slavery --- family and sexuality --- the postclassical Ottoman empire --- decentralization --- commercialization --- incorporation --- new political institutions --- the Arab provinces under Ottoman rule --- the Safavid Empire --- the reign of Shah 'Abbas --- the conversion of Iran to Shi'ism --- state and religion in the late Safavid Iran --- the dissolution of the Safavid Empire --- the Delhi sultanates --- the Mughal Empire --- the varieties of Indian Islam --- Indian culture --- Aurangzeb --- the international economy and the British Indian Empire --- the Mongol conquests --- Turkestan --- Transoxania --- Khwarizm --- Farghana --- Eastern Turkestan --- China --- Islamic societies in Southeast Asia --- Pre-Islamic Southeast Asia --- Java --- the 'ulama --- the crisis of imperialism and Islam on Java --- Aceh --- Malaya --- Minangkabau --- Islam in Africa --- colonialism --- Islam in Sudanic Africa --- Islam in savannah Africa --- Islam in forest West Africa --- the kingdoms of the Western Sudan --- Mali --- Songhay --- the central Sudan --- Kanem --- Bornu --- Hausaland --- non-state Muslim communities in West Africa --- Zawaya lineages --- the Kunta --- missionaries --- Senegambia --- the West African jihads --- the Senegambian jihads --- 'Uthman don Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate --- the jihad of al-Hajj 'Umar --- jihad and conversion --- Islam in East Africa and the European colonial empires --- Darfur --- Swahili Islam --- Ethiopia --- Somalia --- Central Africa --- colonialism and the defeat of Muslim expansion --- the Muslim world --- The Mediterranean --- the Indian Ocean --- the rise of Europe and the world economy --- European trade --- naval power --- European imperialism --- modernity --- the transformation of Islamic societies --- Islamic reformism --- Islamic modernism --- nationalism --- the contemporary Islamic revival --- nationalism and Islam in the Middle East --- the modernization of Turkey --- the partition of the Ottoman Empire --- Ottoman reform --- World War I --- Republican Turkey --- the Turkish Republic under Ataturk --- the post-World War II Turkish Republic --- Islam in Turkish politics --- the AKP --- Qajar Iran --- the Pahlavi era --- revolution --- the Islamic Republic --- secularism and Islamic modernity --- British colonial rule --- the Nasser era --- Sadat and Mubarak --- secular opposition movements --- the Arab East --- Arabism --- military states --- the rise of Arab nationalism --- Arabism and Arab states in the colonial period --- Lebanon --- Transjordan and Jordan --- the Palestinian movement and the struggle for Palestine --- Zionism --- the Palestinian movement and Israel --- the Arabian peninsula --- Yemen --- union of the two Yemens --- Saudi Arabia --- political and religious opposition --- foreign policy --- the Gulf States --- Oman --- Kuwait --- Bahrain --- Qatar --- United Arab Emirates --- France --- Algerian resistance --- the Algerian revolution --- independent Algeria --- independent Tunisia --- independent Morocco --- Libya --- Islam in state ideologies and opposition movements --- women in the Middle East --- changes in family law --- women's secular education --- labor and social and political activism --- Post-World War II Arab states --- Islamism and feminism --- Islam and secularism in Central and Southern Asia --- Russia --- the Caucasus --- Tsarist rule --- the jadid movement --- the formation of the Soviet Union --- Soviet modernization --- Post-Soviet Russia --- Azarbayjan --- the Muslims of China --- the Indian subcontinent --- Pakistan --- Afghanistan --- Bangladesh --- the partition of the Indian subcontinent --- Muslim militance --- Plassey --- the Pakistan movement --- the Muslims of post-Partition India --- Indonesia --- Malaysia --- the Philippines --- Dutch rule and economic development in the Indies --- Southeast Asian responses to Dutch rule --- Islamic traditionalism --- the priyayi --- the merchant elites --- Islamic and secular nationalist political parties --- the Indonesian Republic --- Sukarno --- a secular Indonesia --- the Suharto regime --- Indonesian Islam --- British Malaysia and independent Malaysia --- the Malaysian state and Islam in a multiethnic society --- Mauritania --- Senegal --- Nigeria --- military rule --- civil war --- Eritrea --- Swahili East Africa --- Zanzibar --- Tanzania --- Kenya --- Uganda --- universal Islam and African diversity --- Islam in the West --- the United States --- American converts --- Muslim identity issues in the United States --- Canada --- Eastern Europe --- Bosnia and Yugoslavia --- Albania --- Bulgaria --- Western Europe --- immigrant identities in Europe --- immigrant status --- Britain --- Germany --- Sweden --- Netherlands --- the anti-immigrant reaction --- secularized Islam --- Islamic revival --- pre-modern Islamic societies --- religious revival --- transnational Islam --- Islamism and political action --- the relations between states and Islamic societies --- Islamic and neo-Islamic states --- secularized states with Islamic identities --- secularized states and Islamic opposition --- Islamic national societies in Southeast Asia --- Muslims as political minorities