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The United States Supreme Court's 1954 landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education, set into motion a process of desegregation that would eventually transform American public schools. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of how Brown's most visible effect--contact between students of different racial groups--has changed over the fifty years since the decision. Using both published and unpublished data on school enrollments from across the country, Charles Clotfelter uses measures of interracial contact, racial isolation, and segregation to chronicle the changes. He goes beyond previous studies by drawing on heretofore unanalyzed enrollment data covering the first decade after Brown, calculating segregation for metropolitan areas rather than just school districts, accounting for private schools, presenting recent information on segregation within schools, and measuring segregation in college enrollment. Two main conclusions emerge. First, interracial contact in American schools and colleges increased markedly over the period, with the most dramatic changes occurring in the previously segregated South. Second, despite this change, four main factors prevented even larger increases: white reluctance to accept racially mixed schools, the multiplicity of options for avoiding such schools, the willingness of local officials to accommodate the wishes of reluctant whites, and the eventual loss of will on the part of those who had been the strongest protagonists in the push for desegregation. Thus decreases in segregation within districts were partially offset by growing disparities between districts and by selected increases in private school enrollment.

Education and state --- Segregation in education --- School integration --- African Americans --- Education --- Segregation --- Academic achievement. --- Affirmative action. --- African Americans. --- Asian Americans. --- Attendance. --- Black school. --- Border Region. --- Brown v. Board of Education. --- Calculation. --- Catholic school. --- Census tract. --- Central State University. --- Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools. --- Cheyney University of Pennsylvania. --- Civil Rights Act of 1964. --- Classroom. --- Common Core State Standards Initiative. --- Community college. --- De jure. --- Desegregation busing. --- Desegregation. --- Education. --- Elementary school. --- Equal Education. --- Equal opportunity. --- Ethnic group. --- Extracurricular activity. --- Finding. --- Fort Wayne Community Schools. --- Gary Orfield. --- Gordon Allport. --- Graduate school. --- Gunnar Myrdal. --- Harvard College. --- Harvard University. --- Higher education. --- Historically black colleges and universities. --- Household. --- Income. --- Institution. --- Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. --- Junior college. --- Kindergarten. --- Lincoln University (Pennsylvania). --- Magnet school. --- Matriculation. --- Metropolitan statistical area. --- Middle school. --- Milliken v. Bradley. --- Minority group. --- Mixed-sex education. --- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. --- National Association of Independent Schools. --- National Center for Education Statistics. --- New York City Department of Education. --- Ninth grade. --- Of Education. --- Office for Civil Rights. --- Pell Grant. --- Percentage point. --- Percentage. --- Policy debate. --- Private school. --- Private sector. --- Private university. --- Psychologist. --- Public school (United Kingdom). --- Public university. --- Racial "a. --- Racial integration. --- Racial segregation. --- Racism. --- Rates (tax). --- School choice. --- School district. --- School of education. --- Secondary education. --- Secondary school. --- Self-esteem. --- Separate school. --- Slavery. --- Social class. --- Social science. --- Sociology. --- Special education. --- State school. --- Student. --- Students' union. --- Suburb. --- Sweatt v. Painter. --- Teacher. --- Tenth grade. --- Tuition payments. --- Undergraduate education. --- University and college admission. --- University of North Carolina. --- University-preparatory school. --- University. --- White flight. --- Year.

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What does it mean to have a constitution? Scholars and students associated with Walter Murphy at Princeton University have long asked this question in their exploration of constitutional politics and judicial behavior. These scholars, concerned with the making, maintenance, and deliberate change of the Constitution, have made unique and significant contributions to our understanding of American constitutional law by going against the norm of court-centered and litigation-minded research. Beginning in the late 1970s, this new wave of academics explored questions ranging from the nature of creating the U.S. Constitution to the philosophy behind amending it. In this collection, Sotirios A. Barber and Robert P. George bring together fourteen essays by members of this Princeton group--some of the most distinguished scholars in the field. These works consider the meaning of having a constitution, the implications of particular choices in the design of constitutions, and the meaning of judicial supremacy in the interpretation of the Constitution. The overarching ambition of this collection is to awaken a constitutionalist consciousness in its readers--to view themselves as potential makers and changers of constitutions, as opposed to mere subjects of existing arrangements. In addition to the editors, the contributors are Walter F. Murphy, John E. Finn, Christopher L. Eisgruber, James E. Fleming, Jeffrey K. Tulis, Suzette Hemberger, Stephen Macedo, Sanford Levinson, H. N. Hirsch, Wayne D. Moore, Keith E. Whittington, and Mark E. Brandon.

Constitutional history. --- Constitutional history --- United States. --- Affiliated Presidents: and judicial review. --- Aristotle: on constitutional maintenance. --- Articles of Confederation: defects of. --- Bowers v. Hardwick. --- Brown v. Board of Education. --- Cardozo, Benjamin: on meaning of due process. --- City of Boerne v. Flores. --- Civic Constitution. --- Coercive Capitalism. --- Consociationalism. --- Constitutional Democracy. --- Corfield v. Coryell. --- Diversity: benefits of. --- Dred Scott v. Sanford. --- Engel v. Vitale. --- Everson v. New Jersey. --- Griswold v. Connecticut. --- Hughes, Robert: on multiculturalism. --- John Paul II: on death penalty. --- Judicial Review: and abortion. --- Juridic Constitution. --- Lawfulness: as constitutional virtue. --- Liberal Neutrality: critics of. --- Marbury v. Madison. --- Meyer v. Nebraska. --- Natural Law: and constitutional restraint. --- New Deal: and the American Founding. --- Nixon, Richard: and the Supreme Court. --- Pierce v. Society of Sisters. --- Plessy v. Ferguson. --- Poe v. Ullman. --- Privacy, right to: source of. --- Public Schools: prayer in. --- Rochin v. California. --- Roe v. Wade. --- Shapiro v. Thompson. --- Shay’s Rebellion. --- Unconstitutional Condition. --- United States v. Lopez. --- Wallace v. Jaffree. --- Wisconsin v. Yoder. --- Yudof, Mark: on Pierce v. Society of Sisters. --- Constitutional history, Modern --- Constitutional law --- Constitutions --- History --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- ZSA --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Америка (Republic) --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- САЩ --- Съединените щати --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- ولايات المتحدة --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- 미국 --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- Constitutional history - United States --- Etats-Unis --- Allemagne --- Royaume Uni --- United States - Politics and government --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- SUA --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- United States