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This volume provides insight into the pivotal roles of stem cells, exosomes and other microvesicles in biofunction and molecular mechanisms and their therapeutic potential in translational nanomedicine. It further highlights evidence from recent studies as to how stem cell derived exosomes and microRNAs may restore and maintain tissue homeostasis, enable cells to recover critical cellular functions and begin repair regeneration. These early studies in animal models of aging also show evidence of improved immune, cardiovascular and cognitive functions as well as improved health span and life span. The use of exosomes from body fluids to define specific biomarkers for various tumors may also clear the path to patient-targeted treatments by developing exosome-derived microRNA based cancer therapeutics. It is essential reading for graduate students, research fellow and biomedical researchers in academia or the pharmaceutical or biotech industries.

Stem cells. --- MicroRNA. --- Life sciences. --- Cancer research. --- Geriatrics. --- Cell physiology. --- Regenerative medicine. --- Tissue engineering. --- Life Sciences. --- Stem Cells. --- Regenerative Medicine/Tissue Engineering. --- Cell Physiology. --- Cancer Research. --- Geriatrics/Gerontology. --- Colony-forming units (Cells) --- Mother cells --- Progenitor cells --- Cells --- Biomedical engineering --- Regenerative medicine --- Tissue culture --- Medicine --- Regeneration (Biology) --- Cell function --- Cytology --- Physiology --- Gerontology --- Older people --- Cancer research --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Science --- Diseases --- Health and hygiene --- Micro RNA --- miRNA (MicroRNA) --- pre-miRNA (Pre-MicroRNA) --- pri-miRNA (Primary MicroRNA) --- Primary MicroRNA --- Primary miRNA --- Small temporal RNA --- stRNA (Small temporal RNA) --- Antisense RNA --- Non-coding RNA --- Oncology. --- Tumors

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RNA technologies are the driving forces of modern medicine and biotechnology. They combine the fields of biochemistry, chemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, physics, nanotechnology and bioinformatics. The combination of these topics is set to revolutionize the medicine of tomorrow. After more than 15 years of extensive research in the field of RNA technologies, the first therapeutics are ready to reach the first patients. Thus we are witnessing the birth of a very exciting time in the development of molecular medicine, which will be based on the methods of RNA technologies. This volume is the first of a series. It covers various aspects of RNA interference and microRNAs, although antisense RNA applications, hammerhead ribozyme structure and function as well as non-coding RNAs are also discussed. The authors are internationally highly respected experts in the field of RNA technologies.

Antisense RNA. --- Catalytic RNA. --- RNA. --- Antisense RNA --- Catalytic RNA --- Gene Silencing --- RNA, Antisense --- RNA, Small Untranslated --- Antisense Elements (Genetics) --- Epigenesis, Genetic --- RNA, Untranslated --- RNA --- MicroRNAs --- RNA Interference --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Gene Expression Regulation --- Nucleic Acids --- Genetic Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Genetic Phenomena --- Phenomena and Processes --- Biology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Biophysics --- Animal Biochemistry --- Genetic engineering. --- Designed genetic change --- Engineering, Genetic --- Gene splicing --- Genetic intervention --- Genetic surgery --- Ribonucleic acid --- Ribose nucleic acid --- Medicine. --- Human genetics. --- Human physiology. --- Molecular biology. --- Biochemistry. --- Nucleic acids. --- Cell biology. --- Biomedicine. --- Human Physiology. --- Cell Biology. --- Biochemistry, general. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Human Genetics. --- Genetic recombination --- Biotechnology --- Transgenic organisms --- Nucleic acids --- Ribose --- Cytology. --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Human biology --- Physical anthropology --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Chemistry --- Physiology --- Human body --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Cells --- Cytologists --- Composition --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Systems biology --- Medicine --- Biomaterials. --- Medical genetics. --- Biomedical Research. --- Nucleic Acid. --- Medical Genetics. --- Research. --- Clinical genetics --- Diseases --- Heredity of disease --- Human genetics --- Genetic disorders --- Biological research --- Biomedical research --- Genetic aspects

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Nearly 97% of the human genome is the non-coding DNA, which varies from one species to another, and changes in these sequences are frequently noticed to manifest clinical and circumstantial malfunction. Numerous non-protein-coding genes are recently found to encode microRNAs, which are responsible for RNA-mediated gene silencing through RNA interference (RNAi)-like pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small single-stranded 17–25 nucleotide RNAs capable of interfering with intracellular messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain either complete or partial complementarity, are useful for the design of new therapies against cancer polymorphism and viral mutation. Currently over 1000 native miRNA species found in vertebrates and many more new miRNA homologs continue to be identified; however, most of their functions remain to be determined. In this book, many new perspectives of the miRNA research are reviewed and discussed, including their roles in stem cell maintenance, embryonic development, tissue differentiation, adult physiology, disease pathology, cancer research, viral infection, genetic engineering in plants, and utility in cosmetic applications. These new findings may not only provide significant insight into the various mechanisms of miRNAs but also offer a great opportunity in developing new therapeutic interventions.

Gene silencing. --- Small interfering RNA. --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Antisense RNA --- Gene inactivation --- Inactivation, Gene --- Silencing, Gene --- Genetic regulation --- Human genetics. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Medicine. --- Neurosciences. --- Biotechnology. --- Human Genetics. --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Biomedicine general. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nervous system --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Physical anthropology --- Health Workforce --- Molecular biology. --- Biomedicine, general. --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology

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MicroRNAs as the endogenous mediators of RNA interference have experienced an unprecedented career in recent years, highlighting their pathogenic, diagnostic and potential therapeutic relevance. Beside tissue microRNAs, they are also found in body fluids, most notably in blood. Significant differences of circulating microRNA levels have been found in various diseases, making them candidates for minimally invasive markers of disease, for example tumor malignancy. The book focuses on the potential diagnostic applicability of circulating microRNAs in various diseases and their potential biological significance.

Physiology --- Human Anatomy & Physiology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Small interfering RNA. --- Diagnosis. --- Diseases --- Examinations, Medical (Diagnosis) --- Medical diagnosis --- Medical examinations (Diagnosis) --- Medical tests (Diagnosis) --- piRNA (Piwi-interacting RNA) --- Piwi-interacting RNA --- Piwi protein-interacting RNA --- rasiRNA (Repeat-associated small interfering RNA) --- Repeat-associated siRNA --- Repeat-associated small interfering RNA --- Scan RNA --- scnRNA (Small scan RNA) --- Short hairpin RNA --- Short interfering RNA --- shRNA (Short hairpin RNA) --- siRNA (Small interfering RNA) --- Small hairpin RNA --- Small scan RNA --- tasiRNA (Trans-acting small interfering RNA) --- Trans-acting siRNA --- Trans-acting small interfering RNA --- Diagnosis --- Testing --- Medicine. --- Gene expression. --- Medical biochemistry. --- Nucleic acids. --- Biomedicine. --- Gene Expression. --- Nucleic Acid Chemistry. --- Medical Biochemistry. --- Clinical medicine --- Prognosis --- Symptoms --- Antisense RNA --- Biochemistry. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Polynucleotides --- Biomolecules --- Genes --- Genetic regulation --- Composition --- Expression --- Medical biochemistry --- Pathobiochemistry --- Pathological biochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Pathology

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This book tells the story of the discovery of microRNA (miRNA) quantum code, the basic theory of biological data science for medical investigation with miRNA, to its implementation. It explains the use of a new algorithm called the miRNA entangling target sorter (METS), based on the quantum computation algorithm, to give the etiologic analysis for diseases such as cancer, infectious diseases, and age-related disorders. Providing detailed descriptions to make the METS algorithm simple to grasp, it also explains the accumulated cutting-edged data for human diseases utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) for quantum miRNA language (miRNA qubit) (MIRAI). Further, it describes a discovery story for quantum miRNA surveillance against tumors and quantum miRNA immunity against viruses. Since this is a multidisciplinary field of study, crucial details on physics, mathematics, computer science, data science, virology, immunology, oncology, pathology, and biology are supplied. This book will support professional advancement for scientists, clinicians, educators, students, and science enthusiasts. The reader's knowledge of the subject and its practical medical applications will be enriched by the wealth of informative figures and supporting data.

Medical microbiology. --- Virology. --- Oncogenic viruses. --- Immunology. --- Oncology. --- Pathology. --- Medical Microbiology. --- Tumour Virus Infections. --- Disease (Pathology) --- Medical sciences --- Diseases --- Medicine --- Medicine, Preventive --- Tumors --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Cancer-causing viruses --- Cancer viruses --- Oncoviruses (Oncogenic viruses) --- Tumor viruses --- Tumorigenic viruses --- Viruses --- Viral carcinogenesis --- Microbiology --- MicroRNA. --- Quantum biochemistry. --- Quantum computing. --- Computation, Quantum --- Computing, Quantum --- Information processing, Quantum --- Quantum computation --- Quantum information processing --- Electronic data processing --- Biochemistry, Quantum --- Biology, Quantum --- Quantum biology --- Biochemistry --- Quantum chemistry --- Micro RNA --- miRNA (MicroRNA) --- pre-miRNA (Pre-MicroRNA) --- pri-miRNA (Primary MicroRNA) --- Primary MicroRNA --- Primary miRNA --- Small temporal RNA --- stRNA (Small temporal RNA) --- Antisense RNA --- Non-coding RNA --- MicroRNAs --- MicroRNA --- miRNAs --- pre-miRNA --- pri-miRNA --- RNA, Small Temporal --- Small Temporal RNA --- miRNA --- stRNA --- MicroRNA, Primary --- RNA, Micro --- Temporal RNA, Small --- miRNA, Primary --- pre miRNA --- pri miRNA --- RNA, Small Interfering