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This book collects some recent scientific data on the role of polyphenols in various pathological contexts, ranging from viral infection to metabolic or chronic disorders such as diabetes and renal fibrosis. The included studies showed both in vitro and in vivo evidence concerning positive effects of polyphenols in inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The investigated molecules include: verbascoside from Olea europea, curcumin from Curcuma longa, phenolic acids from Antirhea borbonica, and phlorotannins from marine algae. Finally, the main flavonoids present in the human diet and their anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer roles were also discussed. The scientific data confirm the importance of the plant kingdom, both marine and terrestrial, in the search for new compounds with potential benefits for humans.

flavonoids --- inflammation --- p53 --- cancer prevention --- Nrf2 pathway --- anti-oxidant --- verbascoside --- polyphenols --- insulin-producing cells --- diabetes --- UPR --- oxidative stress --- ER-stress --- PERK --- anti-inflammatory --- mitochondria --- antioxidants --- marine algae --- anti-viral activity --- mechanism of action --- Antirhea borbonica --- kidney fibrosis --- caffeic acid --- antioxidant enzymes --- DESI-imaging --- curcumin --- glioblastoma cells --- radiation --- n/a

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This Special Issue is focused on natural polyphenols and their synthetic bioactive analogues. It is composed of one review on aza- and azo-stilbenes as bioisosteric analogs of the stilbenoid resveratrol and four original articles, including studies on synthetic (bisphenol neolignans inspired by honokiol, multicomponent synthesis of polyphenols), and natural polyphenols (polyphenols from Tamarix ramosissima and Melanoleuca styphelioides) as antiproliferative, anti-Alzheimer’s, antioxidant, antimicrobial, or anti-inflammatory agents.

Research & information: general --- Melaleuca styphelioides --- polyphenols --- LC/MS-MS --- anti-oxidant activity --- anti-inflammatory activity --- keratinocytes --- Tamarix ramosissima --- polyphenolics --- antioxidant activity --- antimicrobial activity --- isorhamnetin --- hispidulin --- cirsimaritin --- multicomponent reactions --- β-amyloid proteins --- Alzheimer’s disease --- Ugi reaction --- β-lactams --- trans-resveratrol --- aza-stilbene --- azo-stilbene --- bio-isosterism --- structure-activity relationship --- honokiol --- bisphenol neolignans --- Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling --- antitumor activity --- apoptosis --- n/a --- Alzheimer's disease --- Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling

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Medicinal plants have been used for the maintenance of human health since ancient times, in the form of food, spices, and traditional medicines. Medicinal plant-based traditional medicines serve as the primary healthcare systems in various countries even in recent times. Alongside this, medicinal plants have also served as the one of the main sources for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. At present, various plant extracts and their isolated phytochemicals are screened and evaluated for their diverse pharmacological activities related to both communicable and non-communicable diseases. However, comparatively little focus is given to the detailed mechanism of action of these agents on the molecular level. Molecular mechanism-based studies are essential for the development of evidence-based traditional medicines as well as for the development of isolated natural products as the lead candidates for novel drug discovery. This main focus of this Special Issue “Plant-based Bioactive Natural Products: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Action” is to cover the recent advances in science related to the molecular mechanisms of action of natural products. A total of nine articles were published in this Special Issue, including two original research articles and two review articles. This Special Issue has provided some new experimental data on bioactive natural products and their detailed mechanisms of action for biological activities. Similarly, review articles have provided state-of-the-art information on the related topics. I would like to thank all the authors for submitting their manuscripts and the reviewers and editors for their contribution to this Special Issue. Furthermore, I am also grateful to the handling editors and staffs of Applied Sciences for their support during the preparation and finalization of this Special Issue.

Medicine --- foodborne diseases --- giardiasis --- herbal drugs --- ethnobotany --- toxoplasmosis --- srophularia buergeriana --- cognitive impairment --- amyloid beta --- tau phosphorylation --- oxidative stress --- anti-apoptotic --- Terminalia chebula fruit --- osteoarthritis --- AyuFlex® --- cartilage collapse --- MMPs --- inflammation response --- vascular inflammation --- liensinine --- VSMC --- macrophage --- proliferation --- migration --- Nigella sativa --- methicillin-resistant --- Staphylococcus aureus --- synergism --- beta-lactam --- antibiotics --- artichoke by-products --- phenolic compounds --- HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS --- PLE --- GRAS --- Scrophularia buergeriana --- anti-amnesic effect --- cholinergic neurotransmission --- anti-oxidant --- anti-inflammation --- Vepris macropylla --- essential oil --- citral --- antiproliferative activity --- fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy --- human breast cancer cell line --- Vaccinium species --- phytochemicals --- berry --- leaf --- anti-inflammatory pathways --- endothelial dysfunction --- natural products --- bioactive compounds --- medicinal plants --- bioactivity --- mechanism of action --- traditional medicines

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Medicinal plants have been used for the maintenance of human health since ancient times, in the form of food, spices, and traditional medicines. Medicinal plant-based traditional medicines serve as the primary healthcare systems in various countries even in recent times. Alongside this, medicinal plants have also served as the one of the main sources for the discovery of new therapeutic agents. At present, various plant extracts and their isolated phytochemicals are screened and evaluated for their diverse pharmacological activities related to both communicable and non-communicable diseases. However, comparatively little focus is given to the detailed mechanism of action of these agents on the molecular level. Molecular mechanism-based studies are essential for the development of evidence-based traditional medicines as well as for the development of isolated natural products as the lead candidates for novel drug discovery. This main focus of this Special Issue “Plant-based Bioactive Natural Products: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Action” is to cover the recent advances in science related to the molecular mechanisms of action of natural products. A total of nine articles were published in this Special Issue, including two original research articles and two review articles. This Special Issue has provided some new experimental data on bioactive natural products and their detailed mechanisms of action for biological activities. Similarly, review articles have provided state-of-the-art information on the related topics. I would like to thank all the authors for submitting their manuscripts and the reviewers and editors for their contribution to this Special Issue. Furthermore, I am also grateful to the handling editors and staffs of Applied Sciences for their support during the preparation and finalization of this Special Issue.

foodborne diseases --- giardiasis --- herbal drugs --- ethnobotany --- toxoplasmosis --- srophularia buergeriana --- cognitive impairment --- amyloid beta --- tau phosphorylation --- oxidative stress --- anti-apoptotic --- Terminalia chebula fruit --- osteoarthritis --- AyuFlex® --- cartilage collapse --- MMPs --- inflammation response --- vascular inflammation --- liensinine --- VSMC --- macrophage --- proliferation --- migration --- Nigella sativa --- methicillin-resistant --- Staphylococcus aureus --- synergism --- beta-lactam --- antibiotics --- artichoke by-products --- phenolic compounds --- HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS --- PLE --- GRAS --- Scrophularia buergeriana --- anti-amnesic effect --- cholinergic neurotransmission --- anti-oxidant --- anti-inflammation --- Vepris macropylla --- essential oil --- citral --- antiproliferative activity --- fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy --- human breast cancer cell line --- Vaccinium species --- phytochemicals --- berry --- leaf --- anti-inflammatory pathways --- endothelial dysfunction --- natural products --- bioactive compounds --- medicinal plants --- bioactivity --- mechanism of action --- traditional medicines

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Blindness and visual impairment impact significantly on an individual’s physical and mental well-being. Loss of vision is a global health problem, with approximately 250 million of the world’s population currently living with vision loss, of which 36 million are classified as blind. Visual impairment is more frequent in the elderly, with cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) accounting for over 50% of cases globally. Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of both conditions, and consequently the role of nutritional factors, in particular carotenoids and micronutrient antioxidants, have been investigated as possible preventative or therapeutic strategies. Dry eye syndrome (DES) is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions in the world. DES occurs where the eye does not produce enough tears and/or the tears evaporate too quicklyleading to discomfort and varying degrees of visual disturbance. There has recently been a great deal of interest in the potential for oral or topical supplementation with essential fatty acids (EFAs), specifically omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as an adjunct to conventional treatments for DES. The objective of this Special Issue on ‘Nutrition and Eye Health’ is to publish papers describing the role of nutrition in maintaining eye health and the use of nutritional interventions to prevent or treat ocular disease. A particular (but not exclusive) emphasis will be on papers (reviews and/or clinical or experimental studies) relating to cataract, AMD and DES.

polyphenols --- n/a --- crocin --- chyrsin --- glaucoma --- dietary assessment --- photoreceptor degeneration --- dry eye --- RR-zeaxanthin --- nutritional supplements --- drug discovery --- corneal neovascularization (CNV) --- AMD --- dietary antioxidants --- micronutrients --- age-related macular degeneration --- preclinical models --- lenses --- microvascular lesions --- cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) --- angiogenesis --- fish oil --- macrophage --- anti-oxidant --- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) --- rosmarinic acid --- visual cycle --- diabetic retinopathy --- lutein --- gut-retina axis --- light damage --- crocetin --- supplements --- clinical practice guidelines --- nutrition --- light --- eye disease --- dietary habits --- flavonoids --- phytoconstituents --- saffron --- carotenoids --- fatty acid --- electroretinography --- lens --- advanced glycation end products --- interleukin-1? (IL-1?) --- mesozeaxanthin (RS zeaxanthin) --- endoplasmic reticulum stress --- omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids --- clinical survey --- corneal chemical burn --- reduced glutathione --- omega-3 --- AGREE II --- retina --- inflammation --- anti-inflammatory --- retinal pigment epithelium --- diet --- Lactobacillus paracasei KW3110 --- Crocus Sativus L. --- saponins --- cataract --- CODS --- neoangiogenesis --- estrogen-deficient rats --- food frequency questionnaire --- gut microbiota --- antioxidant supplements --- sinapic acid --- personalised medicine --- systematic reviews --- nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-?B) --- diabetes --- Cucurbita argyrosperma --- oxidative stress --- endoplasmic reticulum