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"International organizations (IOs) have become increasingly powerful. In recent decades, states have conferred more and more powers upon IOs in order to solve transnational problems and to provide global public goods. As a consequence of their increasing powers, IOs are affecting the lives of individuals across the globe - directly and indirectly. Throughout the 20th century, this internationalization was generally seen as a positive development, the "assumption [being] that international organisations are, necessarily, a good thing, an assumption which often takes the place of argument""--
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"This book represents an addition to the growing scholarship on the law of state responsibility in international law. It seeks to assess this body of law in a comprehensive and critical manner as such efforts have so far been relatively few. While the issues regulated by international law have expanded and diversified, as has the range of actors, state responsibility has remained a central institution of international law. These developments nevertheless motivate taking a fresh look at the law of state responsibility in order to ponder whether international lawyers need to adjust their thinking about state responsibility. My interest in state responsibility awakened in the aftermath of the commission of the abuses in the Abu Ghraib prison in 2004. International legal scholars tended to have different ideas about what state responsibility was supposed to achieve in this particular case, and by what means. At times, remedying concrete wrongs appeared to be juxtaposed with the larger concerns for legality in the international legal order. Moreover, different opinions seemed to exist with regard to whether or not state responsibility had materialized with respect to the Abu Ghraib abuses. Around the same time, the ICC became operative and promised a different approach to the most serious violations of international law. International responsibility expanded to encompass various practices and ideas of responsibility, yet, a comprehensive understanding of the developments occurring within responsibility in international law seemed to be missing"--
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Constitutional torts --- Civil rights --- Law enforcement --- Effectiveness and validity of law --- Violation des droits de l'homme --- Droits de l'homme --- Lois --- Effectivité et validité du droit --- Application
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Human rights --- Civil rights --- Constitutional torts --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- Droits de l'homme --- Violation des droits de l'homme --- Amnesty International.
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Where EU action affects the legal or factual situation of an individual, guarantees for the affected person's rights must exist. If rights have been violated, a remedy must be provided. This book examines how the EU may be held accountable for violations of human rights through procedures and remedies available to the individual applicant, within the EU's legal system and beyond.The first Part of the book highlights the significant challenges in the process of claiming remedies for human rights violations committed by the EU. Part II examines the increasing significance of the remedy provided by the principle of non-contractual liability in the framework of EU human rights law. Part III goes a step beyond and examines potential remedies in the sphere of international law, both as an alternative to the EU's legal system and additional protection.The book contains a comprehensive analysis of substantial and procedural, EU and international, law. It is a detailed and informed handbook for students, academics and practitioners alik".
Human rights --- Remedies (Law) --- Constitutional torts --- Droits de l'homme (droit international) --- Voies de droit --- Violation des droits de l'homme
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La sanction internationale de la violation des droits de l'homme peine à atteindre les objectifs qui lui sont assignés. Les sanctions non juridictionnelles mises en place au sein du système de la Charte des Nations unies sont le régime de droit commun, mais leur efficacité reste limitée pour la victime. Les Comités créés pour veiller à l'application des conventions relatives aux droits de l'homme prennent de simples recommandations à l'issue de l'examen des communications individuelles et sont incompétents pour connaître des violations graves. À défaut de mécanisme de sanction des violations graves, le Conseil de sécurité a étendu l'application des mesures collectives aux droits de l'homme. Le recours ainsi fait au Chapitre VII est confronté aux difficultés opérationnelles qui en limitent la portée. Face à ces difficultés, le Conseil de sécurité a diversifié ses sanctions. Toutefois, qu'elles soient des sanctions ciblées ou des mesures juridictionnelles comme la création de juridictions pénales ou la saisine de la Cour pénale internationale, les mesures collectives sont axées sur l'individu et non l'État. Bien que ce dernier soit le titulaire des obligations internationales en la matière, il est à l'abri de toute sanction contraignante, collective ou pénale. L'absence de sanction efficace à l'encontre de l'État et la garantie insuffisante des droits de la victime impose une réforme du contentieux international des droits de l'homme, à l'aune de la protection régionale des droits de l'homme qui se distingue par sa juridictionnalisation et par les garanties des droits de la victime. Au-delà du renforcement des mécanismes des organes de traités, la création d'une juridiction universelle chargée de sanctionner la violation des droits de l'homme au sein du système des Nations unies doit être envisagée
Violation des droits de l'homme. --- Sanctions (droit international) --- Sanctions (droit international). --- Constitutional torts --- Sanctions (International law) --- Violation des droits de l'homme --- Sanctions (Droit international) --- Human rights --- Droits de l'homme (Droit international) --- International law and human rights. --- Human Rights.
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"There has been much debate in recent years about the role of non-state actors in international law. Whereas their presence is undisputedly acknowledged, their status and legal accountability remains unsettled. In many areas of public international law, harm is now significantly often caused by actors other than states.1 Terrorist groups threaten the territorial integrity of states; private security companies are involved in armed conflicts; individual hackers initiate cyber-attacks; and multinational corporations cause transboundary environmental harm or business-related human rights violations. Nonetheless, international treaties and customary international law still assign rights and duties almost exclusively to states. Outside of international criminal law, there are but few attempts to establish individual responsibility. On the other hand, state responsibility only arises if an international obligation is breached and that breach is attributable to a state whereas only the actions of state organs acting in their official capacity may implicate state responsibility and the conduct of private individuals usually does not. Such conduct may be attributed if private citizens act as so-called de facto organs or a state acknowledges their behavior as its own - which occurs rather rarely. The nature of state responsibility is inherently restorative with the primary objective to maintain or restore an equilibrium between equal and sovereign states"--
International law and human rights. --- Liability for human rights violations. --- International law and human rights --- Droit international et droits de l'homme --- Liability for human rights violations --- Responsabilité pour violation des droits de l'homme --- Droits de l'homme (droit international) --- Violation des droits de l'homme --- Responsabilité. --- Responsabilité.
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National wealth --- Trade theory --- Human rights --- Nigeria --- Droits de l'homme --- Violation des droits de l'homme --- Pétrole --- Petroleum mining --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Political aspects --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Pétrole.