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"Di Gropello analyzes decentralization reforms in the education sector in Latin America (their status, impact, and ongoing challenges) by making use of the accountability framework developed by the World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. She starts by identifying three main groups of models according to the subnational actors involved, the pattern adopted in the distribution of functions across subnational actors, and the accountability system central to the model. She then reviews the impact of these models according to the available empirical evidence, and explores determinants of this impact, extracting lessons useful to the design of future reforms. The author concludes that the single most important factor in ensuring the success or failure of a reform is the way the accountability relationships are set to work within each of the models and provides some lessons on how to get these relationships to work effectively. She also provides three main general lessons for selecting "successful" models: (1) avoid complicated models; (2) increase school autonomy and the scope for "client power," maintaining a clear role for the other accountability relationships; and (3) place more emphasis on the "management" accountability relationship and the sustainability of the models. This paper--a product of the Human Development Sector Unit, Latin America and the Caribbean Region--is part of a larger effort in the region to assess the effectiveness of service delivery"--World Bank web site.

Education --- Schools --- Decentralization

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The Philippines has experienced overall growth over these last twenty years, but the growth of the manufacturing sector has been sluggish and the country has lost innovation capacity. Re-gaining momentum will depend on many factors, but skills have a key role to play to support the growing service sector, help improve the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector, and, in general, enhance the long-term ability of the country to innovate and adapt and assimilate new technologies. This book analyzes the functional skills that workers need to be equipped with to be employable and support firms' competitiveness and productivity and the role of the education and training system in providing them. It is the most comprehensive attempt so far to review the skills that matter to employers using an innovative employer skill survey. The book reveals that a dramatic increase in educational attainment occurred in just under two decades in the Philippines. However, in view of the growing demand for skills, the book also makes clear that there are initial indications of emerging skills gaps, suggesting that skills are becoming a constraining factor for the economy. Several policy implications are fleshed out for the supply of skills in the country, both overall and by education and training sub-sector, which we expect to be a valuable contribution to the improvement of the education and training system. This book is primarily intended to the policy makers which shape the delivery of education and training in the Philippines and other middle-income countries.

Employment -- Philippines. --- Labor market -- Philippines. --- Vocational qualifications -- Philippines. --- Labor market --- Skilled labor --- Life skills --- Supply and demand --- Basic life skills --- Competencies, Functional --- Coping skills --- Everyday living skills --- Functional competencies --- Fundamental life skills --- Lifeskills --- Living skills --- Personal life skills --- Problems of everyday living, Skills for solving --- Skills, Life --- Employees --- Market, Labor --- Supply and demand for labor --- Ability --- Social learning --- Labor --- Markets

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The Government of Equatorial Guinea (GoEG) requested financial, analytical, and technical support from the World Bank during the country's protracted economic recession. Given the prioritization of education in the country's national development plan, the World Bank agreed to undertake an education sector diagnostic study to: (a) help the World Bank better understand the education sector, including the main challenges and policy priorities of the government; (b) facilitate dialogue between the World Bank and GoEG in the education sector and suggest options to move forward in the current economic downturn; (c) provide supporting background for a parallel activity that is focusing on public expenditures in the social sector (public expenditure review (PER)); (d) support the activities that are planned as part of the national development plan's programa mayor educacian para todos; and (e) provide education sector stakeholders with an updated summary of the sector including a review of recent indicator trends and program activities. This diagnostic focuses primarily on primary and secondary education, while also providing some information on technical and vocational education and training (TVET) and higher education, especially where relevant to the other subsectors. It is also intended to update an earlier World Bank-supported education sector diagnostic. The diagnostic is divided into three main parts. Part A focuses on country context, background on the education sector, and recent trends in education (for example, enrollment, and repetition). Part B moves into the education sector diagnostic by topic, focusing on the main challenges in areas such as education finance, quality, and learning outcomes. Part C introduces possible policy actions, framed with the current crisis context, that address some of the main issues identified in Part B.

Access & Equity in Basic Education --- Economics of Education --- Education --- Education Finance --- Education For All --- Higher Education --- Public Examination System --- Social Protections and Labor --- Tertiary Education --- Vocational & Technical Education