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Does increased import competition lead to higher returns to skill within an industry and, therefore, to greater incentives for skill acquisition? Does it also induce skill upgrading by the industry's existing workforce? To answer these questions, this paper follows individual workers across skills/occupations, firms, and industries using a longitudinal matched employer-employee data set covering all workers and firms in Portugal over 1986-2000. To identify the effects of international competition the analysis uses two exogenous measures of changes in international competition at the industry level. The first is a quasi-natural experiment based on the strong appreciation of the Portuguese currency during 1989-1992 and preexisting differences in trade exposure across industries in a differences-in-differences estimation. The second is source-weighted real exchange rates defined at the industry level. Based on both empirical strategies, and two definitions of skill, the paper shows that international competition increases returns to skill and induces skill/occupation upgrading within industries.

Education --- Industry --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade --- Labor Market Adjustment --- Labor Markets --- Labor Skills --- Skill Acquisition --- Social Protections and Labor --- Trade Adjustment --- Trade and Labor

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Signal transduction comprises the intracellular biochemical signals which induce the appropriate cell response to an external stimulus. The players in signal transduction are diverse, from small molecules as first messengers, to proteins, receptors, transcription factors, among many others. The different signaling pathways and the crosstalk between them originates the unique signaling profile of every cell type in the human body. The cell signaling specificity depends on several aspects including protein composition, subcellular localization and complexes and gene promoters. This textbook provides a comprehensive overview of the specific signaling pathways on a variety of human tissues. This information can be of great value for health science researchers, professionals and students to understand key pathways for tissue-specific functions in the plethora of signals, signals receptors, transducers and effectors. Chapter 3 and 15 are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Cellular signal transduction. --- Cellular information transduction --- Information transduction, Cellular --- Signal transduction, Cellular --- Bioenergetics --- Cellular control mechanisms --- Information theory in biology --- Human genetics. --- Human physiology. --- Cell biology. --- Cell physiology. --- Molecular biology. --- Human Genetics. --- Human Physiology. --- Cell Biology. --- Cell Physiology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Cell function --- Cytology --- Physiology --- Cell biology --- Cellular biology --- Biology --- Cells --- Human biology --- Medical sciences --- Human body --- Genetics --- Heredity, Human --- Physical anthropology --- Citologia. --- Fisiologia cel·lular --- Biologia molecular --- Biofísica molecular --- Bioquímica molecular --- Biofísica --- Bioquímica --- Histoquímica --- Biologia molecular vegetal --- Codi genètic --- Diagnòstic molecular --- Endocrinologia molecular --- Evolució molecular --- Farmacologia molecular --- Genètica molecular --- Glicòmica --- Metabolòmica --- Microbiologia molecular --- Neurobiologia molecular --- Patologia molecular --- Proteòmica --- Reconeixement molecular --- Biomolècules --- Fisiologia --- Motilitat cel·lular --- Biologia cel·lular --- Biologia --- Citogenètica --- Citoquímica --- Migració cel·lular --- Cèl·lules --- Cèl·lules animals --- Ultraestructura (Biologia) --- Cytology.

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Histology. Cytology --- Molecular biology --- Human physiology --- Human genetics --- medische genetica --- genetica --- fysiologie --- cytologie --- histologie --- moleculaire biologie