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This work, published in two volumes, contains descriptions of the wood and bark anatomies of 3000 dicotyledonous plants of 120 families, highlighting the anatomical and phylogenetic diversity of dicotyledonous plants of the Northern Hemisphere. The first volume principally treats families of the Early Angiosperms, Eudicots, Core Eudicots and Rosids, while the second concentrates on the Asterids. Presented in Volume 2 are microsections of the xylem and phloem of herbs, shrubs and trees of 1000 species and ca. 35 families of various life forms of the temperate zone along altitudinal gradients from the lowland at the Mediterranean coast to the alpine zone in Western Europe. Special attention is given to the very diverse family of Asteraceae. The global perspective of the findings is underlined by the analysis of 400 species from the Caucasus, the Rocky Mountains and Andes, the subtropical zone on the Canary Islands, the arid zones in the Sahara, in Eurasia, Arabia and Southwest North America, New Zealand and the boreal and arctic zones in Eurasia and Canada. The presence of annual rings in all life forms demonstrates that herbs and dwarf shrubs are an excellent tool for the reconstruction of annual biomass production and the interannual dynamic of plant associations. The common principle of the anatomical expression of secondary growth is a key factor in understanding evolution and adaptation processes in all life forms, from the 3 cm tall crepide pigmea (Crepis pygmaea) in the alpine zone to the 40 m tall ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in Central European riparian forests. The study opens vast fields of research for dendrochronology, wood anatomy, taxonomy and ecology.

Systematics. Taxonomy. Nomenclature --- General ecology and biosociology --- Biology --- Phytomorphology. Phytoanatomy --- Botany --- Forestry --- Building materials. Building technology --- systematische plantkunde --- biomassa --- houtverwerking --- biogeografie --- biologie --- bossen --- planten --- hout --- Arctica --- Life sciences --- Plant ecology. --- Wood --- Plant anatomy --- Sciences de la vie --- Bois --- Plantes --- Anatomie --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVBIOLO LIVBIOMO LIVMEDEC SPRINGER-B

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Meteorology. Climatology --- Biogeography --- General ecology and biosociology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Pedology --- bodemkunde --- bodembescherming --- biogeografie --- ecologie --- milieubeleid --- klimaatverandering

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Nature protection --- General ecology and biosociology --- Environmental protection. Environmental technology --- Hunting. Fishery. Aquaculture --- natuurbeheer --- biodiversiteit --- aquacultuur --- water --- ecologie --- milieubeleid --- wetenschappen --- natuurbescherming --- milieubescherming

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In Fennoscandia and Iceland, large parts of particularly elevated areas are treeless. Below these areas there is often a belt of Nordic mountain birch trees, now often called Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii. In Fennoscandia, this plant is also common in a zone north of the coniferous trees and is found in small forests in the southwestern-most parts of Greenland and more locally in other parts of Europe. Before the begin of the International Biological Programme (IBP) in the late 1960s and early 1970s,only minor fractions of these ecosystems had been studied. Therefore, alpine and subalpine systems were chosen as the main areas of study in this first,larger interdisciplinary and integrated project in natural science across national borders and,in this way,they made an imp- tant contribution to such research in the Nordic countries. In addition to an interdisciplinary steering committee in each country,a Nordic administration was also established for the so-called IBP Tundra Biome  studies in the region (although permafrost is not common in most of the region). At the end of the IBP,many results from this research in alpine,subalpine and northern Fennoscandian mountain birch forests were published in two early volumes of the Ecological Studies Series (Wielgolaski 1975a,b). As is common at the end of scientific projects, many questions were not really answered, and this was also the case after IBP. However, the project showed the good collaboration within the Nordic countries.

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Nature protection --- Meteorology. Climatology --- General ecology and biosociology --- Air pollution. Air purification --- luchtverontreiniging --- ecologie --- klimatologie --- meteorologie