Narrow your search

Library

KU Leuven (20)

KBR (1)


Resource type

dissertation (20)


Language

English (19)

Dutch (1)


Year
From To Submit

2023 (1)

2021 (1)

2020 (2)

2019 (3)

2018 (3)

More...
Listing 11 - 20 of 20 << page
of 2
>>
Sort by

Dissertation
The major facilitator superfamily multidrug transporter LmrP studied by single molecule FRET

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

Antibioticumresistentie bij bacteriën is een wereldwijd probleem, en wordt onder meer veroorzaakt door het terug uitstoten van het antibioticum na de opname door de bacterie. Dit uitstoten wordt gedaan door eiwitten die zich in de membraan, ‘de schil’, van de bacterie bevinden, genaamd transporters. In deze thesis wordt zo’n membraantransporter, LmrP onderzocht, die via een specifiek mechanisme het antibioticum uitstoot. Dit mechanisme bevat een naar-binnen-gerichte open houding voor het opnemen van het antibioticum uit de bacterie, en een naar-buiten-gerichte open houding voor het uitstoten van het antibioticum. De kennis van het mechanisme met de verschillende houdingen wordt gebruikt om informatie over de structurele beweging, ‘plasticiteit’, van het eiwit te verzamelen. Het LmrP werd daartoe specifiek gemerkt met lichtgevende, ‘fluorescente’, probes, elk tegenover elkaar aan de buitenzijde van het eiwit. Op deze manier verandert de afstand tussen deze probes als het transporter eiwit beweegt tussen de naar-buiten-gerichte open en naar-buiten-gerichte gesloten houding. Uit deze veranderende afstand tussen de probes komt een veranderende fluorscentie voort, door interactie tussen de probes als deze dicht bij elkaar zijn. Deze verandering van fluorescentie wordt opgevolgd door een speciale, ‘confocale’, microscoop. Na het verzamelen van deze fluorescentie data bij kamertemperatuur, werden verschillende analysemethoden toegepast op de data. Als resultaat werd er een snelle uitwisseling tussen de open en gesloten houding van het eiwit gevonden, waardoor de aparte open en gesloten houdingen moeilijk te onderscheiden zijn van elkaar. Experimenten bij 10°C en in de aanwezigheid van glycerol werden uitgevoerd met als doel het vertragen van deze snelle uitwisseling. Deze experimenten vertoonden kleine wijzigingen in het gedrag van de uitwisseling, maar geen duidelijke vertraging werd gevonden. Het blokkeren van het LmrP eiwit op specifieke plaatsten gaf enkel meer verschillende houdingen dan verwacht, dus dit werkte ook niet voor het vertragen van de uitwisseling. Als laatste werd het LmrP transporteiwit op andere plaatsen gemerkt, waarbij de afstand tussen de probes in de naar-buiten-gerichte open houding groter was. Deze eerste resultaten gaven opnieuw verschillende houdingen van het eiwit weer, wat doet vermoeden dat er meerdere houdingen zijn dan enkel naar-binnen-gericht open of naar-binnen-gericht gesloten. Verdere analyse van dit LmrP transport eiwit is vereist, eventuele met andere methoden, zoals werken met eiwitten die verankerd worden op een staaldrager, om zo het eiwit gedurende langere tijd te kunnen observeren. Een andere methode is het werken met drie probes in plaats van twee, waarbij een derde probe op een andere plek in het eiwit dan de buitenzijde wordt gezet. Door de interactie van deze derde probe met de andere twee, kan er extra informatie verkregen worden over de houdingen van het eiwit.

Keywords


Dissertation
Analysis of protein conformational dynamics: big data from single molecules.
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2016 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

Fluorescence microscopy is an excellent tool to study biological systems that gives the possibility to have access to processes that are not accessible by other methods. The use of fluorescence together with the Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) at single molecule level (smFRET) will be used in this work as a tool to study conformational dynamics in the L.lactis multidrug resistance protein (LmrP). Some available methods which are based on smFRET, such as the static FRET-line and Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), will be used to quantitatively prove the presence of dynamics. Additionally, the kinetic information behind the conformational dynamics of LmrP will be extracted using dynamic photon distribution analysis (dPDA), which is another smFRET-based method. This last method will be tested in the first place using simulated smFRET dynamic data, which will also help in the development of a protocol for a robust analysis of experimental data.

Keywords


Dissertation
Investigation of an improved FRET donor for probing protein-protein interactions in single retroviruses, and its application to the murine leukemia virus integrase enzyme
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2014 Publisher: Leuven : KU Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

Eiwitten spelen een rol in een groot aantal biologische processen en hebben zeer uitlopende functies, zoals bijvoorbeeld het doorgeven van signalen of het verzorgen van chemische reacties en komen daarbij voortdurend met elkaar in contact. Het bestuderen van de interacties tussen eiwitten is daarom van groot belang voor het begrijpen van biologische processen en volledige biologische systemen. FRET (Försterresonantie-energietransfer) is een techniek gebaseerd op fluorescentiemicroscopie die zich uitstekend leent voor de studie van eiwit-eiwit interacties (PPI's). Door de te bestuderen eiwitten te koppelen aan fluorescente eiwitten (FP's), kan de interactie tussen twee eiwitten bestudeerd worden op basis van een mogelijke energie-overdracht van het ene fluorescente eiwit (de 'donor') naar het andere (de 'acceptor') en dit enkel wanneer de eiwitten zich op een afstand kleiner dan tien nanometer bevinden. Onlangs werd in het laboratorium van fotochemie en spectroscopie een nieuwe methode ontwikkeld die het mogelijk maakt om eiwit-eiwit interacties (PPI's) te bestuderen aan de hand van FRET. In dit geval werd de oligomerisatie van het integrase-enzym, een eiwit van het humaan immunodeficiëntie virus (HIV), het virus dat AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) veroorzaakt, bestudeerd. Integrase stelt HIV in staat om zijn genetisch materiaal in dat van zijn gastheer (een menselijke cel) te brengen. Tijdens de infectie door HIV interageren integrase-enzymen continu met elkaar voor het uitvoeren van hun functie. Het bestuderen van deze interacties kan ons dan ook helpen in het beter begrijpen en mogelijks bestrijden van HIV. Tijdens dit onderzoek werd gesuggereerd dat slechts een deel van de gebruikte donor, genaamd mTFP1, fluorescent was, door het slecht vouwen van het eiwit of de slechte vorming van het chromofoor, het deel van het eiwit verantwoordelijk voor fluorescentie. In het eerste deel van deze thesis wordt dan ook het gebruik van een nieuwe donor, mTurquoise2, geëvalueerd voor de recent ontwikkelde methode. Onze bevindingen tonen aan dat mTurquoise2 minder problemen vertoont bij het vouwen of bij de vorming van het chromofoor en zo meer geschikt is voor deze FRET studies. Tenslotte werd de methode uitgebreid naar een ander virus, het Murine Leukemia Virus (MLV), dat verwant is aan HIV. Virale vectoren afgeleid van MLV werden reeds succesvol gebruikt bij de behandeling van bepaalde ziekten. Ook hier werd mTurquoise2 gebruikt als FRET donor voor het bestuderen van interacties tussen MLV-integrases in viruspartikels met behulp van FRET. De methode werd geoptimaliseerd voor het verkrijgen van een optimaal FRET-signaal. Verder onderzoek zal mogelijks kunnen bijdragen tot de ontwikkeling van betere retrovirale vectoren afgeleid van het MLV voor klinische gentherapie.

Keywords


Dissertation
A single-molecule view on retroviral replication

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that belongs to the family of Retroviridae, and causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In 2009, the number of HIV-infected individuals, estimated at more than 33.3 million (www.unaids.org) which increases annually with two to three million annually. The current treatment of HIV infection is composed of a combination therapy of anti-retroviral agents which efficiently suppresses viral replication. However, due to the seemingly inevitable development of resistance to the existing antiviral cocktails, and the absence of an effective vaccine, the search for new drugs against new targets continues.As HIV has only a limited genomic it hijacks cellular proteins, referred to as co-factors, for the completion of the replication cycle. The laboratory of molecular virology and gene therapy is looking for new cellular cofactors of HIV integrase, the enzyme that integrates the viral cDNA stably into the genome of the infected cell. After reverse transcription of the viral RNA into cDNA in the cytoplasm of the host cell, IN associates the viral DNA with a number of other viral and cellular proteins to form the pre-integration complex (PIC), which is then transported through the nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the host cell. This transport is mediated by the cellular karyopherine transportin-SR2 (TRN-SR2). In the nucleus the PIC is tethered to the chromatin by the binding of the cellular protein LEDGF/p75 (lens epithelium-derived growth factor). Next, the viral DNA is stably integrated into the genome of the host by the catalytic activity of IN, after which new virus particles can be formed.Interactions between these viral proteins and cellular cofactors are attractive targets for the development of novel anti-retroviral agents. Both LEDGF/p75 and TRN-SR2 are at the moment studied by different research laboratories over the world. In 2010 a new class of antiviral molecules was published, the LEDGINs that disrupt the protein-protein interaction between LEDGF/p75 and HIV-1 IN and shows a strong antiviral activity in cell culture. Currently the LEDGINs are further developed for clinical use in collaboration with Pfizer.Despite is has been proven that TRN-SR2 plays a distinct role in the nuclear translocation step, a direct interaction of this protein with IN, has not yet been demonstrated in the context of the PIC in the infected cell. Since this is almost impossible to examine with standard molecular techniques, there is a need for a robust way to study protein-protein interactions of HIV on single-virus and / or single-PIC level in living cells during the early steps of the replication cycle of the virus.The expertise of the laboratory of photochemistry and spectroscopy is the development and application of quantitative fluorescence techniques, particularly techniques for single-molecule spectroscopy and microscopy. In this project, we want to develop and optimize a method to study the early steps of viral replication in a quantitative manner, at single-molecule level, in infected cells using fluorescence imaging. The intended techniques should enable us to characterize the stoichiometry and affinity of the protein-protein interactions between viral and cellular factors in time and space, which will provide crucial information about the interaction of viral proteins with co-factors such as TRN-SR2 and LEDGF / p75 in the search for new inhibitors of HIV replication.

Keywords


Dissertation
Hide-and-seek: intensity and distribution of labeled HIV capsid

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus is spread over many countries and has become a global pandemic. In 2014, there were 36.9 million people living with HIV of which 1.2 million people died from the consequences of AIDS. There is no cure for HIV, but it can be controlled. To fight the HIV infection, patients are treated with a combination of medication, which reduces the amount of HIV in the body. However, anti HIV medication must be taken every day and can cause unwanted side effects. Furthermore, the virus can develop resistance to the medication, similar as seen with the development of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. Therefore, scientists keep working hard to know more about HIV, with the goal to reveal new targets for the development of new HIV medication. And maybe one day, a HIV cure. HIV has a spherical structure and it is around a million times smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. It has an outer membrane and within it there is a core built of “capsid” proteins that encapsulates its hereditary information, or genome, made out of RNA. To replicate, HIV releases its capsid core in a cell and converts its RNA genome into DNA. The viral DNA needs to travel through a tiny pore into the cell’s nucleus, where the viral DNA is inserted in the cells chromosome by the viral protein named integrase. Once the viral DNA is implanted, the cell is forced to produce and release new HIV viruses. HIV’s mission accomplished. Since the capsid core is “too big” to pass through the tiny pore, capsid proteins have to detach from the capsid core in a strictly regulated process called uncoating. Not everything is known of the molecular mechanisms underlying this uncoating, including if perhaps some residual capsid proteins stay bound to the virus when it enters the nucleus. Using a fluorescence microscope we can detect and image HIV viruses as little spots inside cells, but only when a fluorescent tag is attached to proteins of the virus. This labeling is performed in the lab by manipulating the genome of the virus. To observe both capsid proteins and integrase proteins, we coupled them with two distinguishable fluorescent tags. It is known that this introduction of a fluorescent tag can negatively influence HIV’s capacity to infect cells. For that reason, 8 groups of viruses, with either a different fluorescent tag or the tag coupled to a different site of the capsid protein, were evaluated with biochemical assays to test their functionality. Only the viruses with the best scores were studied by fluorescence microscopy. A good candidate was virus containing capsid coupled to a tiny green light bulb (GFP) and integrase coupled to a tiny red light bulb (mCherry). By using fluorescence microscopy, we observed the virus in the nucleus of the cell, containing both integrase and capsid. Additionally, by measuring the fluorescence intensity of virus in cells, we found a correlation in the number of capsid and integrase proteins. Further research is needed to confirm these interesting findings of HIV uncoating, which suggest that uncoating in the cytoplasm might be coupled to a decrease in integrase proteins and at least for some viruses capsid proteins could stay bound to the virus when it enters the nucleus.

Keywords


Dissertation
Single-molecule and electrophysiological investigation of glycine receptor α3 isoforms
Authors: --- ---
Year: 2020 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Wetenschappen

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

The glycine receptor is one of the most important inhibitory receptors in the human body. By allowing chloride currents into the cell upon binding of glycine, it inhibits neuronal signaling. Lack of neuronal inhibition is related to various diseases such as temporal lobe epilepsy and chronic pain. Therefore the glycine receptor is a potential target for the treatment of such diseases. The glycine receptor has five different subtypes, one of these is the α3 subunit. Its two splice variants, α3K and α3L have been studied separately, but heteromeric glycine receptors consisting of both α3K and α3L have not been studied before. I aim to close this gap in knowledge by investigating the formation, structure and function of these heteromeric glycine receptors. For this purpose we expressed the subunits with a fluorescent tag in HEK 293 cells and imaged these cells with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. We investigated colocalization of the subunits and the stoichiometry of the heteromeric receptors using the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise photobleaching respectively. Finally we used patch-clamp electrophysiology to investigate functional properties of the receptors. Both Pearson correlation analysis and stepwise photobleaching analysis indicated the formation of heteromeric receptors. We found indication that the stoichiometry of the heteropentamers may be 4L/1K, 3L/2K or 2K/3L, but there may not be a fixed stoichiometry. Patch-clamp electrophysiology showed that cells expressing both subunits are less sensitive to glycine and desensitize faster compared to cells only expressing the α3L subunit.

Keywords


Dissertation
Phasor-based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of single HIV-1 particles
Authors: --- --- ---
Year: 2016 Publisher: Leuven KU Leuven. Faculteit Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

Employing lifetime analysis together with single-molecule detection techniques opens the door for studying and monitoring protein-protein interactions inside viruses and with cellular structures in real time. It would allow for the detection of FRET during the whole viral infection cycle without the need of photobleaching, which permits the detection of fluorescent proteins using FRET more than once facilitating the real-life tracking of all the interactions. In the case of HIV-1, interactions of integrase (IN) are of special interest as it is known to have an important role for viral DNA integration in the host cell. Throughout this thesis, a method has been developed to perform lifetime analysis of IN attached to eGFP inside an HIV-1 virus. Using the software PAM, lifetimes of eGFP inside HIV-1 viruses in different conditions were obtained using phasor approach and comparing them with the lifetimes obtained utilizing already used methods in the time domain to test in which condition the phasor approach performs better and obtains a correct lifetime. Results show that phasor approach gives an accurate lifetime avoiding the problems of time domain analysis, such as time consuming exponential fitting. Furthermore, it is shown that a photon count of at least 1,000 photons per pixel is necessary.

Keywords


Dissertation
Dissecting the role of disease causing CTNS(-LKG) mutations in the etiology of cystinosis using patient derived cystinotic fibroblasts

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

Cystinosis is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder (1:100,000-1:200,000 live births) that is caused by mutations or deletion in/of the CTNS gene. In northern Europe, the main cause of cystinosis is a large deletion (57 kb) of the CTNS gene. CTNS encodes a protein called cystinosin (CTNS), which functions as a cystine transporter in the lysosomes, an organelle that is considered the cell’s incinerator. The metabolite cystine is formed when proteins are broken down in the lysosome, which is part of normal cellular homeostasis. In healthy individuals, CTNS lowers lysosomal cystine load by transporting cystine from the lysosomes to the cytoplasm, where it is further metabolized. However, in cystinotic individuals lysosomal cystine accumulates, which is believed to result in cystinosis. CTNS is expressed in all tissues, but in cystinotic patients, the kidneys are most affected eventually leading to kidney failure. To date, cysteamine is the only drug available to treat cystinosis. It effectively clears lysosomal cystine, but it is not a cure, it only delays kidney failure, indicating other functions of CTNS beyond cystine transport may also be involved in the etiology of the disorder. In this thesis, four CTNS mutations (CTNSS298N, CTNSN288K, CTNSK280R, CTNSDel.67-73; termed CTNSmutants) were generated and analyzed by transducing patient derived cystinotic (CTNS-/-) fibroblasts. Transduction of cells employs a viral vector particle carrying the CTNSmutants. It uses the viral machinery to efficiently enter the cell, ensuring integration in the genome of the fibroblasts and stable expression of the CTNSmutants. Individuals with these mutations have phenotypes which do not correspond with the respective residual cystine transport activity. Analysis of these mutants in a CTNS-/- background could shed more light on the other functions of CTNS next to cystine transport, as no interference with endogenous CTNS will occur. Furthermore, wild type CTNS (CTNSWT) was used to complement cystinotic fibroblasts to see whether rescue of the cystinotic phenotype is possible. Cystinosis is a recessive disease, thus, introduction of CTNSWT in the cystinotic cell, should theoretically cure the disorder. Based on current literature, three assays were assessed to measure the effect of CTNSmutants or CTNSWT in cystinotic fibroblasts: i) determining perinuclear localization of lysosomes, which could indicate problems with lysosomal dynamics, ii) measuring cystine levels, as cystine measurements are used to diagnose cystinotic patients which accumulate cystine compared to healthy persons and iii) measuring the amount of oxidative stress, a readout for disturbed cellular homeostasis. No differences in lysosomal localization were found when comparing cystinotic fibroblasts to healthy fibroblasts. However, CTNSmutants seem to be retained at structures resembling the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The ER is an organelle where quality control of proteins takes place and it seems that the cell recognizes the CTNSmutants as anomalous proteins. In addition, pellets for cystine measurements have been generated and are being analyzed. Furthermore, it seems that cystinotic cells complemented with CTNSWT can lower oxidative stress. Should the latter finding be confirmed after repeating the experiment on new cell lines, this could serve as proof of principle for a gene therapeutic approach to cure cystinosis.

Keywords


Dissertation
In silico single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer: Molecular dynamics simulations of fluorescently labelled DNA

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

Fluorescence a phenomenon where certain chemical compounds emit light. A special variant of fluorescence, Föster resonance energy transfer (FRET), can be used to measure the distance between two points on a biomolecule. The shape of molecules can be determined by comparing predicted FRET values to experimentally measured FRET values. The predicted FRET values are based on prior research. The predictions are performed using a computational method known as accessible volume calculations (AV). Due to the simplified nature of AV calculations, the extend to which AV can be used to model experimentally observed values has been brought into question. The research in this thesis compared FRET values measured in experiments to those found via AV calculations. Ultimately, the goal was to find out whether AV calculations can successfully reproduce experimentally observed values. The comparison showed that, while the results of the AV calculations approached those found in experimental measurements, differences between the two remained. The research described in this thesis used a second computational method, molecular dynamics (MD), to investigate the cause of the differences between AV and experimental measurements. The conclusion was made that the differences are due to AV calculations overestimating the flexibility of certain parts of the molecule. Furthermore, AV calculations take into consideration improbable forms of the molecule. These forms are so improbable that they are practically impossible and not observed in experiments.

Keywords


Dissertation
Gene therapeutic approach for STAT1 gain-of-function mutations

Loading...
Export citation

Choose an application

Bookmark

Abstract

Autosomal dominant STAT1 GOF mutations are often causing CMC. Currently, the treatment options only work symptomatically and the cause is not affected. Therefore, a gene therapeutic approach is considered. A knock-out/knock-in strategy was investigated in HeLa cells. HeLa cells were treated with CRISPR/Cas technology to knock-out the STAT1 gene. During this thesis, the CRISPR clones were characterized first and thereafter, viral vectors were used to reintroduce functional STAT1-GFP and STAT1 without a fluorescent tag. The expression of the protein was analysed by western blot assays. qPCR was used to verify the activity by checking the mRNA levels of the ISGs. Furthermore, STAT1 was fused with a mCherry tag and stable expression was investigated as a part of a bigger project where the dynamics of STAT1 GOF mutations are studied. It was discovered that the HeLa CRISPR clone 5.4 and the HeLa CRISPR clone 5.5 did not express STAT1 and there were very low mRNA levels of the ISGs which did not increase upon IFNγ stimulation. When STAT1-GFP or STAT1 without a fluorescent tag was introduced in the CRISPR clones, the activity was rescued. Although, mRNA levels were significantly higher than the mRNA levels in the wild type HeLa. Future experiments should consider a lower concentration of viral vector for transducing the cells so a milder overexpression will result in lower activity levels. This is highly recommended since otherwise the phenotype of the back complemented cells will lean towards the GOF phenotype.

Keywords

Listing 11 - 20 of 20 << page
of 2
>>
Sort by