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This paper provides evidence from one of the poorest countries of the world that the property rights matter for efficiency, investment, and growth. With all land state-owned, the threat of land redistribution never appears far off the agenda. Land rental and leasing have been made legal, but transfer rights remain restricted and the perception of continuing tenure insecurity remains quite strong. Using a unique panel data set, this study investigates whether transfer rights and tenure insecurity affect household investment decisions, focusing on trees and shrubs. The panel data estimates suggest that limited perceived transfer rights, and the threat of expropriation, negatively affect long-term investment in Ethiopian agriculture, contributing to the low returns from land and perpetuating low growth and poverty.

Agricultural production --- Agriculture --- Appropriation --- Common Property Resource Development --- Forestry --- Heterogeneity --- Land rights --- Land tenure --- Municipal Housing and Land --- Natural resources --- Property Rights --- Rural Development --- Rural Development Knowledge and Information Systems --- Tenure --- Urban Development --- Urban Housing

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Rice trade --- Rice --- Econometric models. --- Yields

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India has pursued an active food security policy for many years, using a combination of trade policy interventions, public distribution of food staples, and assistance to farmers through minimum support prices defended by public stocks. This policy has been quite successful in stabilizing staple food prices, but at a high cost, and with potential risks of unmanageable stock accumulation. Based on a rational expectations storage model representing the Indian wheat market and its relation to the rest of the world, this paper analyzes the cost and welfare implications of this policy and unpacks the contribution of its different elements. To analyze alternative policies, social welfare is assumed to include an objective of price stabilization and optimal policies corresponding to this objective are assessed. Considering fully optimal policies under commitment as well as optimal simple rules, it is shown that adopting simple rules can achieve most of the gains from fully optimal policies, with both potentially allowing for lower stockholding levels and costs.

Accelerator --- Access to Markets --- Aggregate Demand --- Agriculture --- Arbitrage --- Barriers --- Benchmark --- Bidding --- Border Price --- Cash Flow --- Choice --- Closed Economy --- Commodity --- Commodity Price --- Communication --- Consumer Price --- Consumer Price Index --- Consumers --- Consumption --- Costs --- Criteria --- Debt Markets --- Demand --- Demand Elasticity --- Demand Function --- Development Economics --- Development Policy --- Distribution --- Domestic Market --- Domestic Price --- Econometrics --- Economic Theory --- Economic Theory & Research --- Economics Research --- Elasticity --- Emerging Markets --- Equations --- Equilibrium --- Equilibrium Values --- Exchange --- Exchange Rate --- Expectations --- Exports --- Failures --- Fair --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Floor Price --- Food Price --- Fraud --- Free Trade --- Incentives --- Income --- Incomplete Markets --- Influence --- Inputs --- Interest --- Interest Rate --- International Economics & Trade --- International Trade --- Lags --- Laissez Faire --- Laissez-Faire --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Marginal Cost --- Marginal Utility --- Market --- Market Conditions --- Market Economy --- Market Equilibrium --- Market Failures --- Market Power --- Market Price --- Marketing --- Markets --- Markets & Market Access --- Middle-Income Country --- Multipliers --- Open Economy --- Opportunity Cost --- Optimization --- Outcomes --- Output --- Price --- Price Behavior --- Price Change --- Price Elasticity --- Price Index --- Price Instability --- Price Levels --- Price Movements --- Price Policy --- Price Risk --- Price Stability --- Price Stabilization --- Price Uncertainty --- Price Volatility --- Prices --- Private Entity --- Private Sector Development --- Producer Price --- Product --- Production --- Profit Maximization --- Public Policy --- Purchasing --- Rapid Expansion --- Real Income --- Risk Aversion --- Risk Neutral --- Risk-Averse --- Risk-Neutral --- Sales --- Savings --- Security --- Share --- Stabilization Policy --- Stock --- Storage --- Subsidy --- Substitution --- Supply --- Supply Elasticity --- Surplus --- Taxes --- Theory --- Time Value of Money --- Trade --- Trade Barriers --- Trade Policies --- Trade Policy --- Trends --- Utility --- Value --- Value of Money --- Variables --- Volatility --- Welfare --- World Market --- World Trade

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Forest management --- Forests and forestry --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Forestry --- Economic aspects

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"This book documents frontier knowledge on the drivers of agriculture productivity to derive pragmatic policy advice for governments and development partners on reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity. The analysis describes global trends and long-term sources of total factor productivity growth, along with broad trends in partial factor productivity for land and labor, revisiting the question of scale economies in farming. Technology is central to growth in agricultural productivity, yet across many parts of the developing world, readily available technology is never taken up. We investigate demand-side constraints of the technology equation to analyze factors that might influence producers, particularly poor producers, to adopt modern technology. Agriculture and food systems are rapidly transforming, characterized by shifting food preferences, the rise and growing sophistication of value chains, the increasing globalization of agriculture, and the expanding role of the public and private sectors in bringing about efficient and more rapid productivity growth. In light of this transformation, the analysis focuses on the supply side of the technology equation, exploring how the enabling environment and regulations related to trade and intellectual property rights stimulate Research and Development to raise productivity. The book also discusses emerging developments in modern value chains that contribute to rising productivity. This book is the fourth volume of the World Bank Productivity Project, which seeks to bring frontier thinking on the measurement and determinants of productivity to global policy makers"--

Community development