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COVID-19 (Disease) --- Treatment. --- 2019-nCoV disease --- 2019 novel coronavirus disease --- Coronavirus disease-19 --- Coronavirus disease 2019 --- COVID-19 virus disease --- COVID19 (Disease) --- Novel coronavirus disease, 2019 --- SARS-CoV-2 disease --- Coronavirus infections --- Respiratory infections --- SARS coronavirus 2 disease

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This book is a state-of-the-art review on recent advances in flow cells for electrochemical energy systems. The book includes an introduction to flow cells, proton exchange membrane fuel cells, photocatalytic fuel cells, organic flow batteries, redox flow batteries, microfluidic flow cells, as well as electrolysis cells for CO2 and nitrogen reduction. The book provides an essential reference for professors, researchers, and policymakers globally in academia, industry, and government.

Electromagnetism. Ferromagnetism --- Applied physical engineering --- elektriciteit

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Selective laser melting (SLM) is a new method to produce complex 3D shaped metallic objects in a layer-by-layer fashion. A wide range of electrical, electromagnetic and thermal applications demand complex shaped copper parts with an excellent combination of conductivity and quasi-static mechanical properties. More conventional copper manufacturing technologies face shaping limitations and therefore often time and material consuming joining and machining operations are required to produce the final parts. SLM allows to produce these parts on-site, in a single processing step and with a miminum amount of generated metal scrap. However, the intrinsic low laser absorption of copper at the wavelength of the currently applied fiber lasers inhibits SLM processing of dense copper parts not to mention their inferior properties, compared to conventionally manufactured copper parts. The first purpose of this thesis is trying to produce dense and crack free copper alloy samples using the selective laser melting method. The second goal is to achieve a good combination of electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Within this context, special attention will be paid to the influence of post heat treatments on the property combination obtained within SLM processed copper alloy parts Five alloy powders are selected for SLM processing: two binary alloys in the Cu-Cr systems and three ternary alloys within the Cu-Cr-C system. In all cases, the maximum content of alloying elements is below 1.5 wt%. The Cu-Cr system is a prototype example of a precipitation hardening system. The strengthening effect of Cr was investigated in both a Cu-0.3Cr (wt%) and Cu-1Cr (wt%) alloy. Different amounts of carbon (C) (0.05 and 0.1 wt%) were added to the Cu-1Cr alloy. The influence of carbon on the optical properties of the Cu-Cr powder beds as well as the chemical interaction with other elements such as Cr and O will be investigated in detail. Special attention will be paid to the powder characteristics, especially the powder preparation method and its link with powder bed properties such as optical absorption, chemistry and flow behavior. Cube shaped samples were processed by SLM in order to define an optimum combination of SLM processing parameters (laser power, scan speed, hatch spacing). In all cases, the powder layer thickness and laser beam diameter were fixed. A combination of microscopy techniques and density measurements was used to determine the SLM processing window to obtain nearly fully dense and crack-free SLM parts. Using the optimized set of SLM processing conditions, heat treatments were performed on SLM processed samples. A conventional heat treatment, comprising a solutionizing step at 1015°C for 1.5h, followed by water quenching and subsequent aging at 400°C for different times was compared with direct aging at 500°C. Tensile bars, processed with optimized SLM and heat treatment parameters, were prepared. Their strength and elongation properties were analyzed and discussed. In case of the Cu-0.3Cr and Cu-0.3Cr-0.05C alloys, nearly fully dense and texture-free samples with relative densities above 98.9% were obtained. Carbon addition increased the electrical conductivity (80 vs 69% IACS), due to its de-oxidizing effect, and resulted in a marginal increase in hardness (82 vs 77 HV-0.3kg) and tensile strength (221 vs 242 MPa σUTS). The tensile elongation, however, decreased due to the carbon addition (29 vs 43%). Direct aging was preferred over