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Nutrition. --- Olfactory. --- Sexual function.

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Testicular cancer (TC) is the most frequent solid malignancy in young men aged between 15 and 40 years. The worldwide incidence is about 7.5 per 100,000 subjects, but the rates vary considerably between countries and ethnic groups. About 95% of all TCs are represented by testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs), which include seminoma and non-seminoma histological types. It has been reported that about 18,000 European subjects over reproductive age develop a TGCT every year and its incidence is increasing in several countries over the past 50 years. Early diagnosis and modern treatment have resulted in over 95% survival rate and improved quality of life in testicular cancer survivors. However, the benefits of cancer treatments may hide some risks. In fact, possible side effects can be developed during the treatment itself or later from months to years after the completion of therapy, persisting during the whole life. Therefore, TGCT survivors frequently complain a number of healthy problems such as infertility, hypogonadism, metabolic syndrome, osteoporosis, sexual disorders, depressed mood, and in general impaired quality of life. This aspect is the most serious and potentially life threatening effect in TGCT survivors. Many risk factors have been studied as a pre-disposing factor in the development of this cancer, but only for some there is a high level of evidence. In recent times, progressive increases in the incidence of male reproductive disorders inclusive of hypospadias, cryptorchidism, poor semen quality, and testicular cancer, suggested a common foetal origin. The central hypothesis of this observation asserted that these disorders may all collectively signify testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). It is generally assumed that the development of TGCT is under endocrine control. In particular, unbalanced androgen/estrogen levels and/or activity during embryogenesis, are believed to represent the key events for TGCT development and progression. Furthermore, recent evidence has suggested genetic association of TGCT with variations in genes involved in hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and steroidogenic enzymes. Therefore, hormonal carcinogenesis is an important and controversial area of current research in TGCT, and further attention is given to endocrine environment influencing testicular development during foetal life. The objective of this Research Topic is to group a collection of articles focused on new and more recent insights about TGCT.

Medicine --- Endocrinology --- testis cancer --- genetics --- male infertility --- sexual function --- cancer treatment --- testis cancer --- genetics --- male infertility --- sexual function --- cancer treatment

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Urology --- Medicine --- Genitourinary organs --- Diseases --- urology --- andrology --- oncology --- surgery --- sexual function --- Urologic Diseases. --- Female Urogenital Diseases. --- Male Urogenital Diseases. --- Male Genitourinary Diseases --- Genitourinary Disease, Male --- Genitourinary Diseases, Male --- Male Genitourinary Disease --- Male Urogenital Disease --- Urogenital Disease, Male --- Urogenital Diseases, Male --- Urological Diseases --- Urinary Tract Diseases --- Disease, Urinary Tract --- Disease, Urologic --- Disease, Urological --- Diseases, Urinary Tract --- Diseases, Urologic --- Diseases, Urological --- Urinary Tract Disease --- Urologic Disease --- Urological Disease --- Female Genitourinary Diseases --- Female Genitourinary Disease --- Female Urogenital Disease --- Genitourinary Disease, Female --- Genitourinary Diseases, Female --- Urogenital Disease, Female --- Urogenital Diseases, Female

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Pollination and Floral Ecology is the most comprehensive single-volume reference to all aspects of pollination biology--and the first fully up-to-date resource of its kind to appear in decades. This beautifully illustrated book describes how flowers use colors, shapes, and scents to advertise themselves; how they offer pollen and nectar as rewards; and how they share complex interactions with beetles, birds, bats, bees, and other creatures. The ecology of these interactions is covered in depth, including the timing and patterning of flowering, competition among flowering plants to attract certain visitors and deter others, and the many ways plants and animals can cheat each other. Pollination and Floral Ecology pays special attention to the prevalence of specialization and generalization in animal-flower interactions, and examines how a lack of distinction between casual visitors and true pollinators can produce misleading conclusions about flower evolution and animal-flower mutualism. This one-of-a-kind reference also gives insights into the vital pollination services that animals provide to crops and native flora, and sets these issues in the context of today's global pollination crisis. Provides the most up-to-date resource on pollination and floral ecology Describes flower advertising features and rewards, foraging and learning by flower-visiting animals, behaviors of generalist and specialist pollinators--and more Examines the ecology and evolution of animal-flower interactions, from the molecular to macroevolutionary scale Features hundreds of color and black-and-white illustrations

Pollination --- Pollination by insects --- Pollination by animals --- Plant ecology --- Pollinisation --- Pollination. --- Pollination by insects. --- Pollination by animals. --- Plant ecology. --- Pollinisation par les insectes --- Pollinisation par les animaux --- Ecologie végétale --- Insect pollination --- Pollinization --- Botany --- Plants --- Ecology --- Animal-plant relationships --- Fertilization of plants by insects --- Fertilization of plants --- Flowers --- Phanerogams --- Pollen --- Self-incompatibility --- Pollinisation. --- Phytoecology --- Vegetation ecology --- Floristic ecology --- Diptera. --- Lepidoptera. --- Megachiroptera. --- Microchiroptera. --- abiotic pollination. --- advertisement. --- amphibian. --- anemophilous plant. --- anemophily. --- angiosperm. --- animal pollination. --- animal. --- animals. --- animalЦlower interaction. --- ant. --- bat pollination. --- bats. --- bee pollination. --- bee. --- bees. --- beetle. --- behavior. --- bird pollination. --- birds. --- bumblebee. --- butterfly. --- carrion fly. --- chiropterophily. --- color vision. --- conifer. --- cost. --- cross-fertilization. --- cross-pollination. --- diversification. --- ectotherm vertebrate. --- feeding apparatus. --- fish. --- floral color. --- floral constancy. --- floral design. --- floral display. --- floral divergence. --- floral odor. --- floral pigment. --- floral scent. --- floral sex. --- floral shape. --- floral signal. --- floral size. --- floral tissue. --- floral variation. --- flower evolution. --- flower morphology. --- flower pollination. --- flower visitor. --- flower. --- flowering. --- flowers. --- flowerаollinator interaction. --- fly pollination. --- foraging behavior. --- generalist flower. --- generalist visitor. --- grasshopper. --- hawkmoth. --- honeybee. --- hoverfly. --- hummingbird. --- hydrophily. --- inflorescence. --- insect. --- invertebrate. --- learning. --- marsupial. --- melittophily. --- monkey. --- mutualism. --- nectar biology. --- nectar concentration. --- nectar gathering. --- nectar guide. --- nectar production. --- nectar secretion. --- nectar volume. --- nectar. --- nectary. --- nonflying mammal. --- nonflying vertebrate. --- odor learning. --- oil. --- olfaction. --- olfactory signal. --- ornithophily. --- perching bird. --- phalaenophily. --- plant diversity. --- plant fertilization. --- plant mating. --- plant pollination. --- plant reproduction. --- plant sex. --- plant speciation. --- plant. --- plants. --- pollen biology. --- pollen competition. --- pollen eating. --- pollen gathering. --- pollen packaging. --- pollen. --- pollination biology. --- pollination ecology. --- pollination syndromes. --- pollination. --- pollinator effectiveness. --- pollinator. --- psychophily. --- reproductive isolation. --- resin. --- reward. --- scent. --- selection. --- self-fertilization. --- selfing. --- sexual function. --- sociality. --- specialist flower. --- specialization. --- speciation. --- sphingophily. --- stigmatic exudate. --- thrip. --- visitation pattern. --- visual signal. --- wasp. --- wax. --- wind pollination.