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Con il tramonto del secolo xx, il conflitto delle classi si traduce sempre meno in pressioni rivendicative, dinamica salariale, mobilità sociale. La diseguaglianza assume nuove forme. Vengono erette nuove barriere; non solo quelle contrastanti le migrazioni, ma ancor prima quelle riguardanti i rapporti economici e sociali, l’accesso alla politica, all’istruzione superiore, e alla vita nelle metropoli, dove si ridisegnano interi quartieri, si accentrano patrimoni immobiliari ultralussuosi, e l’estrema ricchezza è scarsamente utilizzata in investimenti produttivi. Nei processi escludenti si mostrano determinanti anche quelli concernenti i beni d’alto pregio, come era accaduto nei secoli della modernità preindustriale. I nuovi messaggi riguardanti il lusso si configurano sempre meno come stimolo di un consumismo diffuso. In quell’apparente continuum dove durante i decenni postbellici si disponeva la varietà dei segni ma si stemperavano le differenze, vediamo ora aprirsi una mutazione anche semiotica, nella quale però una nuova discontinuità fra la “superclasse” e la maggioranza esclusa non è solo indicata, ma in certo modo fondata e costituita.

Sociology --- Economics (General) --- conflitto sociale --- diseguaglianza --- lusso --- consumismo --- esclusione --- società --- storia --- conflit social --- inégalité --- luxe --- consumérisme --- exclusion --- société --- histoire --- social conflict --- inequality --- society --- history --- consumerism

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Zygmunt Bauman est une figure majeure de la sociologie européenne. Son œuvre est dominée par l’inquiétude provoquée par la succession des crises politiques, économiques, morales qui affectent nos sociétés contemporaines. Du Coût humain de la mondialisation à L’éthique a-t-elle une chance dans un monde de consommateurs ?, ses travaux portent un diagnostic corrosif sur notre époque sans se laisser enfermer dans des cadres théoriques trop univoques. Diversifiant les angles d’interprétation, engagé dans un constant dialogue avec une multitude d’auteurs, de Camus à Levinas, de Gramsci à Arendt, Bauman parvient à embrasser la complexité des phénomènes sociaux en couvrant des champs de réflexion a priori hétérogènes – de l’interrogation sur le statut de l’Holocauste dans l’histoire de la modernité industrielle à l’avènement du consumérisme dans nos sociétés devenues « liquides ». C’est cette exigence critique singulière que nous rend présent Pierre-Antoine Chardel dans cet essai, le premier en français consacré à ce penseur hors norme.

Postmodernism --- Sociology. --- Civilization, Modern. --- Postmodernisme --- Sociologie --- Civilisation moderne et contemporaine --- Social aspects. --- Aspect social --- Bauman, Zygmunt, --- Civilization, Modern --- Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Social aspects --- Modern civilization --- Modernity --- Civilization --- Renaissance --- History --- sociologie --- Zygmunt --- Bauman --- holocauste --- Gramsci --- mondialisation --- consumérisme

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Research suggests that, when it comes to early childhood education and care, quality matters most. A growing number of countries are establishing monitoring systems to ensure quality and accountability in these programmes. This new publication explores how countries can develop and use these systems to enhance service and staff quality for the benefit of child development. It offers an international perspective and concrete examples to help policy makers, monitoring experts and practitioners in the field develop their own monitoring policies and practices.

Education --- Bescherming van de consumenten --- Bescherming van de verbruikers --- Consommateurs -- Défense --- Consommateurs -- Protection --- Consommateurs -- Sécurité --- Consommateurs [Protection des ] --- Consumenten [Bescherming van de ] --- Consumérisme --- Défense des consommateurs --- Protection des consommateurs --- Verbruikers [Bescherming van de ] --- Consumer protection --- Education, Preschool --- Early childhood education. --- Government policy. --- Children --- Infant education --- Prekindergarten --- Preschool education --- Early childhood education --- Nursery schools --- Education (Preschool) --- Kindergarten

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This report reviews the experience of Panama in designing, implementing and evaluating innovation policy. It provides a comparative analysis of Panama’s innovation performance and reviews the design and implementation of the national innovation policy focusing on the National Plan (2010-2014). The review of the institutional setting, the policy mix and budget for innovation policy includes a comparison with the experience of two peer countries, the Dominican Republic and Uruguay.

Bescherming van de consumenten --- Bescherming van de verbruikers --- Consommateurs -- Défense --- Consommateurs -- Protection --- Consommateurs -- Sécurité --- Consommateurs [Protection des ] --- Consumenten [Bescherming van de ] --- Consumer protection --- Consumérisme --- Défense des consommateurs --- Protection des consommateurs --- Protection du consommateur --- Verbruikers [Bescherming van de ] --- Technological innovations --- Government policy --- Economic aspects --- Breakthroughs, Technological --- Innovations, Industrial --- Innovations, Technological --- Technical innovations --- Technological breakthroughs --- Technological change --- Creative ability in technology --- Inventions --- Domestication of technology --- Innovation relay centers --- Research, Industrial --- Technology transfer --- Panama

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Nutritionary hygiene. Diet --- Toxicology --- Bescherming van de consumenten --- Bescherming van de verbruikers --- Consommateurs -- Défense --- Consommateurs -- Protection --- Consommateurs -- Sécurité --- Consommateurs [Protection des ] --- Consumenten [Bescherming van de ] --- Consumer protection --- Consumérisme --- Défense des consommateurs --- Mineralen in de menselijke voeding --- Minerals in human nutrition --- Minéraux en alimentation humaine --- Protection des consommateurs --- Protection du consommateur --- Verbruikers [Bescherming van de ] --- Vitaminen in de menselijke voeding --- Vitamines en nutrition humaine --- Vitamins in human nutrition --- Alimentation --- Aliments --- Minéraux dans l'alimentation --- Nutrition --- Vitamines dans l'alimentation humaine --- Besoins --- Consommation --- Minéraux dans l'alimentation --- Vitamins --- Physiological effect --- Adverse effects --- Health aspects --- Minerals