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Despite the potential benefits that PSSA designation can deliver, recent practice both within the IMO and by individual member States, has considerably undermined confidence in this emerging concept. The focus of this book is on the events within the IMO that have led to this lack of confidence arising. In doing so, this book presents an examination of coastal State practice with the PSSA concept. In undertaking this analysis, the research provides evidence of the value of the PSSA concept, but also demonstrates its limitations. In this regard, the book presents a ‘reality check’ which seeks to rationalise some of the heightened expectations with the concept that are apparent in the current debate. The research argues that States may seek to designate PSSAs more for their ‘iconic status’ than for any demonstrable environmental benefits that may be realised.

Marine resources conservation. --- Marine biodiversity conservation. --- International Maritime Organization. --- Environmental law. --- Aquatic biology. --- Law of the Sea, Air and Outer Space. --- International Environmental Law. --- Environmental Law/Policy/Ecojustice. --- Freshwater & Marine Ecology. --- Hydrobiology --- Water biology --- Aquatic sciences --- Biology --- Environment law --- Environmental control --- Environmental protection --- Environmental quality --- Environmental policy --- Law --- Sustainable development --- Law and legislation --- Law of the sea. --- International law. --- International environmental law. --- Environmental policy. --- Aquatic ecology . --- Aquatic biology --- Ecology --- Environment and state --- Environmental management --- State and environment --- Environmental auditing --- International environmental law --- International law --- Common heritage of mankind (International law) --- Law of nations --- Nations, Law of --- Public international law --- High seas, Jurisdiction over --- Marine law --- Ocean --- Ocean law --- Sea, Law of the --- Maritime law --- Territorial waters --- Government policy --- Particularly sensitive sea areas --- International maritime organization --- Internationale maritieme organisatie --- Internationale organisatie voor de scheepvaart

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"Is it morally acceptable to use artificial intelligence (AI) in the form of computer-driven algorithms in the determination of sentences on those who have broken the law? If so, how should such algorithms be used? This book is the first collective work devoted exclusively to the ethical and penal theoretical considerations of the use of artificial intelligence at sentencing. It deals with a wide range of highly pertinent issues, such as: Should algorithmic-based decision-making be transparent? If so, what does this mean and why is it important? Does a conflict between algorithmic transparency and algorithmic accuracy always constitute a moral dilemma? What does it mean to require that algorithmic sentencing decisions should be fair? When should an algorithm be regarded as discriminatory? Is it acceptable to use algorithms to produce risk-assessments of future criminal conduct? Can algorithms ever be used in the exercise of mercy? Should artificial intelligence only be used to guide judicial decision-making or could it ever be justified to replace a human sentencing judge with a robojudge?"--

Sentences (Criminal procedure) --- Artificial intelligence --- Algorithms --- Decision making --- Justice, Administration of --- Criminal justice, Administration of --- Artificial Intelligence

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Sentences (Criminal procedure) --- Recidivism --- Recidivists. --- Sentences (Criminal procedures) --- Prevention. --- Recidivists --- Sentencing --- Correctional law --- Criminal procedure --- Judgments, Criminal --- Punishment --- Chronic offenders --- Habitual criminals --- Habitual offenders --- Offenders, Chronic --- Offenders, Habitual --- Offenders, Repeat --- Offenders, Serial --- Repeat offenders --- Repeaters (Crime) --- Serial offenders --- Criminals --- Ex-convicts --- Offenses, Repeat --- Repeat offenses --- Crime --- Prevention --- Droit pénal --- Peines --- Récidive (droit) --- Etudes comparatives --- Droit pénal --- Récidive (droit)