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Moreover, Building Charleston places the colonial American town, for the first time, at the very heart of a transatlantic process of urban development.

City planning --- Cities and towns --- Civic planning --- Land use, Urban --- Model cities --- Redevelopment, Urban --- Slum clearance --- Town planning --- Urban design --- Urban development --- Urban planning --- Land use --- Planning --- Art, Municipal --- Civic improvement --- Regional planning --- Urban policy --- Urban renewal --- History. --- Government policy --- Management --- Charleston (S.C.) --- City of Charleston (S.C.) --- Charles-Town (S.C.) --- Social conditions. --- Economic conditions. --- History of North America --- anno 1700-1799 --- Charleston [South Carolina]

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When we talk about the economy, "the market" is often just an abstraction. While the exchange of goods was historically tied to a particular place, capitalism has gradually eroded this connection to create our current global trading systems. In Trading Spaces, Emma Hart argues that Britain's colonization of North America was a key moment in the market's shift from place to idea, with major consequences for the character of the American economy. Hart's book takes in the shops, auction sites, wharves, taverns, fairs, and homes of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century America-places where new mechanisms and conventions of trade arose as Europeans re-created or adapted continental methods to new surroundings. Since those earlier conventions tended to rely on regulation more than their colonial offspring did, what emerged in early America was a less fettered brand of capitalism. By the nineteenth century this had evolved into a market economy that would not look too foreign to contemporary Americans. To tell this complex transnational story of how our markets came to be, Hart looks back farther than most historians of US capitalism, rooting these markets in the norms of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Britain. Perhaps most important, this is not a story of specific commodity markets over time but rather is a history of the trading spaces themselves: the physical sites in which the grubby work of commerce occurred and where the market itself was born.

Markets --- History. --- United States --- Great Britain --- Commerce --- Colonies --- Economic conditions. --- History --- British America. --- Pennsylvania. --- South Carolina. --- capitalism. --- eighteenth century. --- markets. --- public good.

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This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Bio-Inspired Models of Network, Information, and Computing Systems (Bionetics). The event took place in the city of York, UK, in December 2011. Bionetics main objective is to bring bio-inspired paradigms into computer engineering and networking, and to enhance the fruitful interactions between these fields and biology. The papers of the conference were accepted in 2 categories: full papers and work-in progress. Full papers describe significant advances in the Bionetics field, while work-in-progress papers present an opportunity to discuss breaking research which is currently being evaluated. The topics are ranging from robotic coordination to attack detection in peer-to-peer networks, biological mechanisms including evolution, flocking and artificial immune systems, and nano-scale communication and networking.

Electrical & Computer Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Telecommunications --- Information Technology --- Computer Science (Hardware & Networks) --- Biologically-inspired computing --- Computer networks --- Multiagent systems --- Agent-based model (Computer software) --- MASs (Multiagent systems) --- Multi-agent systems --- Systems, Multiagent --- Bio-inspired computing --- Natural computing --- Computer science. --- Computer communication systems. --- Algorithms. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer Science. --- Computer Communication Networks. --- Information Systems Applications (incl. Internet). --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Communication systems, Computer --- Computer communication systems --- Data networks, Computer --- ECNs (Electronic communication networks) --- Electronic communication networks --- Networks, Computer --- Teleprocessing networks --- Data transmission systems --- Digital communications --- Electronic systems --- Information networks --- Telecommunication --- Cyberinfrastructure --- Network computers --- Informatics --- Science --- Foundations --- Distributed processing --- Intelligent agents (Computer software) --- Computer software. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Software, Computer --- Computer systems --- Application software. --- Application computer programs --- Application computer software --- Applications software --- Apps (Computer software) --- Computer software

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Arti?cial immune systems (AIS) is a diverse and maturing area of research that bridges the disciplines of immunology and computation. The original research impetus in AIS had a clear focus on applying immunological principles to c- putationalproblemsinpracticaldomainssuchascomputersecurity,datamining and optimization. As the ?eld has matured, it has diversi?ed such that we now see a growing interest in formalizing the theoretical properties of earlier - proaches, elaborating underlying relationships between applied computational models and those from theoretical immunology, as well a return to the roots of the domain in which the methods of computer science are being applied to - munological modelling problems. Following the trends in the ?eld, the ICARIS conference intends to provide a forum for all these perspectives. The 9th InternationalConference on AIS (ICARIS 2010)built on the success of previous years, providing a convenient vantage point for broader re?ection as it returned to Edinburgh, the venue of the Second ICARIS in 2003. This time, the conference was hosted by Edinburgh Napier University at its Craiglockhart Campus, recently reopened after extensive refurbishment which has resulted in a stunning building and state-of-the-art facilities. The extent to which the ?eld has matured over the preceding years is clear; a substantial track of theor- ical research now underpins the discipline. The applied stream has expanded in its outlook, and has examples of AIS algorithms being applied across a wide spectrum of practicalproblems,rangingfrom sensornetworksto semi-conductor design.

Artificial immune systems --- Artificial intelligence --- Immune system --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer Science --- Computer simulation --- Immunocomputers --- AISs (Artificial immune systems) --- IC (Computer science) --- Immunocomputing --- Immunological system --- Computer science. --- Computer programming. --- Computers. --- Algorithms. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Computer simulation. --- Pattern recognition. --- Computer Science. --- Simulation and Modeling. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Programming Techniques. --- Computation by Abstract Devices. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Pattern Recognition. --- Design perception --- Pattern recognition --- Form perception --- Perception --- Figure-ground perception --- Computer modeling --- Computer models --- Modeling, Computer --- Models, Computer --- Simulation, Computer --- Electromechanical analogies --- Mathematical models --- Simulation methods --- Model-integrated computing --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Computers --- Electronic computer programming --- Electronic digital computers --- Programming (Electronic computers) --- Coding theory --- Informatics --- Science --- Foundations --- Programming --- Natural computation --- Anatomy --- Immunology --- Computer software. --- Optical pattern recognition. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Optical data processing --- Pattern perception --- Perceptrons --- Visual discrimination --- Software, Computer --- Pattern recognition systems. --- Computer Modelling. --- Theory of Computation. --- Automated Pattern Recognition. --- Pattern classification systems --- Pattern recognition computers --- Computer vision

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In many ways, our immune systems are as complex as our brains. They learn, predict, remember and adapt, protecting us from the maelstrom of pathogens that infect us daily. Computer Science frequently takes inspiration from the seemingly endless capabilities of natural systems. It should therefore be no s- prise that, like the ?eld of Arti?cial Neural Networks inspired from brains, we now have a vigorous ?eld of research known as Arti?cial Immune Systems (AIS), inspired by our own immune systems. Although still relatively new, the previous 10 years has seen the paradigm of AIS rapidly establish itself as an important biological metaphor. Researchers all over the world fruitfully exploit “immunological ideas” in many di?erent ways to provide mechanisms for tackling a wide variety of applications. In this volume we present the proceedings of ICARIS 2003, the 2nd Int- national Conference on Arti?cial Immune Systems. This was the second int- national conference entirely dedicated to the ?eld, and followed the extremely successful ?rst conference held in Canterbury, UK in 2002. The number and - versityofpapersinthisyear’sconferenceisatributetotheever-growingnumber ofresearchersinthearea,andrepresentativeofthesolidfoundationofworkthat now exists in this area. The range of topics considered is wide. For example, at one end of the spectrum we see a selection of papers providing a necessary t- oretical grounding for the ?eld. At the other end, we have an exciting range of applications to real-world problems, covering, for example, job-shop scheduling and fault detection in refrigeration systems.

Artificial immune systems --- Artificial intelligence --- Immune system --- Models, Immunological --- Immune System --- Artificial Intelligence --- Computer Simulation --- Computational Biology --- Hemic and Immune Systems --- Computing Methodologies --- Models, Biological --- Biology --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Models, Theoretical --- Information Science --- Anatomy --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Investigative Techniques --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Computer Science --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Computer simulation --- Immunological system --- AISs (Artificial immune systems) --- IC (Computer science) --- Immunocomputers --- Immunocomputing --- Computer science. --- Science. --- Computers. --- Algorithms. --- Database management. --- Artificial intelligence. --- Bioinformatics. --- Computer Science. --- Computation by Abstract Devices. --- Science, general. --- Algorithm Analysis and Problem Complexity. --- Database Management. --- Artificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics). --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- AI (Artificial intelligence) --- Artificial thinking --- Electronic brains --- Intellectronics --- Intelligence, Artificial --- Intelligent machines --- Machine intelligence --- Thinking, Artificial --- Bionics --- Cognitive science --- Digital computer simulation --- Electronic data processing --- Logic machines --- Machine theory --- Self-organizing systems --- Simulation methods --- Fifth generation computers --- Neural computers --- Data base management --- Data services (Database management) --- Database management services --- DBMS (Computer science) --- Generalized data management systems --- Services, Database management --- Systems, Database management --- Systems, Generalized database management --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Natural science --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Informatics --- Science --- Data processing --- Foundations --- Immunology --- Natural computation --- Computer software. --- Science, Humanities and Social Sciences, multidisciplinary. --- Artificial Intelligence. --- Software, Computer