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Shellac industry --- Law and legislation

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This book charts the unsettled media cultures and deep time of shellac, retracing its journey from the visual to the sonic, and back again. Each chapter unveils a situated moment in the long history of shellac - travelling from its early visual culture to Emile Berliner's discovery of its auditory properties through to its recycling in contemporary art and design practices. Unforeseen correspondences between artefacts as diverse as mirrors, seals, gramophone discs and bombs are revealed. With its combinatory approach and commitment to material thinking, Shellac in Visual and Sonic Culture insists on moments of contact, encounter, and transformation. The book notably addresses the colonial unconscious underpinning the early transnational recording industry, highlighting the multiple gestures and forms of labour entombed within the production of the 78rpm disc. Roy explores shellac as a concrete substance, as well as the malleable stuff of which stories, histories and modern imaginings were made - and unmade.

Shellac industry --- Material culture --- Mass media --- History. --- Aesthetics.

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Plastics are everywhere. Bags, bank cards, bottles, and even boats can all be made of this celebrated but much-maligned material. Yet most of us know next to nothing about plastics. We do know that they are practical and cheap--but they also represent a huge environmental problem, for they literally take ages to decompose. In this engaging book, E.S. Stevens tells us everything we have always wondered about plastics and of the efforts, in America, Europe, and Asia, to develop a new breed of environmentally friendly plastics. He points to a possible future where plastics will no longer be made of petroleum, but of plants. The first two chapters assess the increased use of plastics as a relatively new alternative to other materials. The third chapter introduces us to their impact on the environment and strategies for their disposal or recycling. The next two chapters cover basic concepts and terms used in polymer sciences and provide some basic chemistry. With these fundamentals in tow, the author compares how petroleum-based and biological polymers are made, and the various ways in which they decompose. He acquaints readers with the emerging technologies, their commercial viability, and their future. Finally, instructions are given for preparing basic bioplastics using readily available materials. Nonspecialists will find Green Plastics a concise introduction to this exciting interdisciplinary topic--an introduction otherwise not available. For students it provides easy entry to an area of science with wide appeal and current importance; for teachers, excellent background reading for courses in various sciences. The prospect of depleted fossil fuel supplies, and the potential benefits of bioplastics to the environment and to rural areas that could supply the raw materials, make this book a compelling presentation of a subject whose time has come.

Biodegradable plastics. --- additives. --- agricultural covers. --- amino acids. --- bacteria. --- biomass. --- carbon. --- carrageenan. --- casein. --- chitosan. --- degrade curves. --- enzymes. --- extrusion. --- fermentation. --- gelatin. --- glass fibers. --- hydrolysis. --- incineration. --- landfills. --- microorganisms. --- mineralization. --- natural gas. --- oxidative degradation. --- packaging. --- petroleum. --- polyethylene. --- shellac. --- tensile strength. --- thermoplastics. --- urea resins. --- zein.

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Despite its limitation in terms of surface covered area, the PLD technique still gathers interest among researchers by offering endless possibilities for tuning thin film composition and enhancing their properties of interest due to: (i) the easiness of a stoichiometric transfer even for very complex target materials, (ii) high adherence of the deposited structures to the substrate, (iii) controlled degree of phase, crystallinity, and thickness of deposited coatings, (iv) versatility of the experimental set-up which allows for simultaneous ablation of multiple targets resulting in combinatorial maps or consecutive ablation of multiple targets producing multi-layered structures, and (v) adjustment of the number of laser pulses, resulting in either a spread of nanoparticles, islands of materials or a complete covering of a surface. Moreover, a variation of PLD, known as Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation, allows for deposition of organic materials, ranging from polymers to proteins and even living cells, otherwise difficult to transfer unaltered in the form of thin films by other techniques. Furthermore, the use of laser light as transfer agent ensures purity of films and pulse-to-pulse deposition allows for an unprecedented control of film thickness at the nm level. This Special Issue is a collection of state-of-the art research papers and reviews in which the topics of interest are devoted to thin film synthesis by PLD and MAPLE, for numerous research and industry field applications, such as bio-active coatings for medical implants and hard, protective coatings for cutting and drilling tools withstanding high friction and elevated temperatures, sensors, solar cells, lithography, magnetic devices, energy-storage and conversion devices, controlled drug delivery and in situ microstructuring for boosting of surface properties.

Technology: general issues --- thin films --- matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation --- shellac --- enteric coatings --- PLD --- ITO --- nanoimprint lithography --- coatings --- nanostructure --- iron oxide --- pulsed laser deposition --- aluminum nitride --- nanoindentation testing --- TEM imaging --- FTIR spectroscopy --- ellipsometry --- complex refractive index --- composite coatings --- MAPLE --- Lactoferrin --- macrophage interactions --- animal-origin calcium phosphate coatings --- natural hydroxyapatite --- doping --- high adherence --- pulsed laser deposition technique --- biomimetic applications --- target preparation --- room temperature ferromagnetism --- dilute magnetic semiconductor --- Indium oxide --- (InFe)2O3 --- PLD films --- energy storage --- thin-film electrodes --- thin-film solid electrolyte --- lithium microbatteries --- calcium phosphate-based coatings --- synthetic and natural hydroxyapatite --- in vivo testing --- biomedical applications --- n/a

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Conservation of painted surfaces, metal leaves, and finishes requires a deep knowledge of both the materials themselves and the supports and the interaction phenomena occurring among them. Superficial treatments, operations, and materials adopted during the conservation intervention can modify the complex system of existing interactions. Therefore, it is fundamental to predict possible induced changes of the chemical-physical properties of the systems. This Special Issue aims at contributing to the definition of the state-of-the-art in the approach to conservation problems of painted surfaces, metal leaves, and finishes. In particular, the topic of interest includes but is not limited to: Methodological approaches for the conservation treatments of the painted surfaces, metal leaves, and finishes; Analytical tools and protocols for the validation of the treatment efficacy and recognizability; Analytical tools for the characterization of surface materials and their decay processes; New materials and treatments.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- Maya blue --- wall paintings --- sixteenth century --- palygorskite --- X-ray fluorescence --- X-ray diffraction --- paintings --- metal soaps --- natural resins --- varnishes --- smalt --- shellac --- copper alloys --- UV-induced fluorescence --- FTIR spectroscopy --- eddy current --- UV imaging --- artificial ageing --- non-invasive characterization --- polychromy --- polychrome stone statue --- adhesion and cohesion products --- conservation of pictorial films on stone --- violin --- XRF --- FTIR --- reflection infrared spectroscopy --- 3D scan --- stratigraphy --- varnish --- musical instrument --- 14th century --- wood-carved --- microscopy --- Raman --- SEM-EDX --- materials --- pigments --- laser cleaning --- Er:YAG laser --- efficacy evaluation --- Manet --- painting --- portrait --- woman --- 19th century --- extenders --- original materials --- later alterations --- cultural heritage --- conservation --- wooden sculpture --- ancient Egyptian --- ancient Egyptian painting materials --- cleaning treatment --- water based systems --- poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels --- archaeometry --- Maya blue --- wall paintings --- sixteenth century --- palygorskite --- X-ray fluorescence --- X-ray diffraction --- paintings --- metal soaps --- natural resins --- varnishes --- smalt --- shellac --- copper alloys --- UV-induced fluorescence --- FTIR spectroscopy --- eddy current --- UV imaging --- artificial ageing --- non-invasive characterization --- polychromy --- polychrome stone statue --- adhesion and cohesion products --- conservation of pictorial films on stone --- violin --- XRF --- FTIR --- reflection infrared spectroscopy --- 3D scan --- stratigraphy --- varnish --- musical instrument --- 14th century --- wood-carved --- microscopy --- Raman --- SEM-EDX --- materials --- pigments --- laser cleaning --- Er:YAG laser --- efficacy evaluation --- Manet --- painting --- portrait --- woman --- 19th century --- extenders --- original materials --- later alterations --- cultural heritage --- conservation --- wooden sculpture --- ancient Egyptian --- ancient Egyptian painting materials --- cleaning treatment --- water based systems --- poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels --- archaeometry