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The Promise and Peril of Credit takes an incisive look at pivotal episodes in the West's centuries-long struggle to define the place of private finance in the social and political order. It does so through the lens of a persistent legend about Jews and money that reflected the anxieties surrounding the rise of impersonal credit markets. By the close of the Middle Ages, new and sophisticated credit instruments made it easier for European merchants to move funds across the globe. Bills of exchange were by far the most arcane of these financial innovations. Intangible and written in a cryptic language, they fueled world trade but also lured naive investors into risky businesses. Francesca Trivellato recounts how the invention of these abstruse credit contracts was falsely attributed to Jews, and how this story gave voice to deep-seated fears about the unseen perils of the new paper economy. She locates the legend's earliest version in a seventeenth-century handbook on maritime law and traces its legacy all the way to the work of the founders of modern social theory--from Marx to Weber and Sombart. Deftly weaving together economic, legal, social, cultural, and intellectual history, Trivellato vividly describes how Christian writers drew on the story to define and redefine what constituted the proper boundaries of credit in a modern world increasingly dominated by finance.
History of Europe --- anno 1600-1699 --- anno 1700-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1900-1909 --- anno 1910-1919 --- Credit --- Contracts --- Bills of exchange --- Marine insurance --- Usury --- Jewish capitalists and financiers --- Jewish businesspeople --- Jews --- Contracts. --- Credit. --- Jews. --- Handel --- Juden --- Kredit --- Legende --- Literatur --- Wechsel --- Kreditrisiko --- History. --- Public opinion --- Economic conditions. --- Europe --- Europe. --- Europa --- Commerce --- Bordeaux. --- Catholic France. --- Catholic theologians. --- Christian merchants. --- Church doctrines. --- England. --- European commercial society. --- European private finance. --- French commercial society. --- Holy Roman Empire. --- Italian refugees. --- Jacque Savary. --- Jewish emancipation. --- Jewish history. --- Jewish moneylenders. --- Jewish usury. --- Karl Marx. --- Lombardy. --- Max Weber. --- Montesquieu. --- New Christians. --- Old Regime Europe. --- United Provinces. --- Werner Sombart. --- Western capitalism. --- ars mercatoria. --- banknotes. --- bills of exchange. --- commerce. --- commercial credit. --- commercialization. --- credit contract. --- credit contracts. --- credit instruments. --- credit market. --- crypto-Judaism. --- economic behaviors. --- equality. --- financial contracts. --- financial credit. --- long-distance trade. --- marine insurance policies. --- marine insurance. --- maritime laws. --- marketplace. --- merchant-bankers. --- modern capitalism. --- modern social thought. --- money. --- overseas commerce. --- paper economy. --- paper money. --- pawnbroking. --- private finance. --- private trade. --- usury. --- world trade. --- Étienne Cleirac.
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Taking a new approach to the study of cross-cultural trade, this book blends archival research with historical narrative and economic analysis to understand how the Sephardic Jews of Livorno, Tuscany, traded in regions near and far in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Francesca Trivellato tests assumptions about ethnic and religious trading diasporas and networks of exchange and trust. Her extensive research in international archives-including a vast cache of merchants’ letters written between 1704 and 1746-reveals a more nuanced view of the business relations between Jews and non-Jews across the Mediterranean, Atlantic Europe, and the Indian Ocean than ever before. The book argues that cross-cultural trade was predicated on and generated familiarity among strangers, but could coexist easily with religious prejudice. It analyzes instances in which business cooperation among coreligionists and between strangers relied on language, customary norms, and social networks more than the progressive rise of state and legal institutions.
Jews --- Sephardim --- Jewish merchants --- Merchants, Jewish --- Merchants --- Jews, Sephardic --- Ladinos (Spanish Jews) --- Sefardic Jews --- Sephardi Jews --- Sephardic Jews --- Jews, Portuguese --- Jews, Spanish --- Hebrews --- Israelites --- Jewish people --- Jewry --- Judaic people --- Judaists --- Ethnology --- Religious adherents --- Semites --- Judaism --- History --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Social life and customs --- Livorno (Italy) --- Leghorn (Italy) --- Livourne (Italy) --- Comune di Livorno (Italy) --- Libornou (Italy) --- Commerce --- Ethnic relations --- Jewish religion --- History of civilization --- History of Italy --- anno 1700-1799 --- Livorno
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How an antisemitic legend gave voice to widespread fears surrounding the expansion of private credit in Western capitalismThe Promise and Peril of Credit takes an incisive look at pivotal episodes in the West's centuries-long struggle to define the place of private finance in the social and political order. It does so through the lens of a persistent legend about Jews and money that reflected the anxieties surrounding the rise of impersonal credit markets.By the close of the Middle Ages, new and sophisticated credit instruments made it easier for European merchants to move funds across the globe. Bills of exchange were by far the most arcane of these financial innovations. Intangible and written in a cryptic language, they fueled world trade but also lured naive investors into risky businesses. Francesca Trivellato recounts how the invention of these abstruse credit contracts was falsely attributed to Jews, and how this story gave voice to deep-seated fears about the unseen perils of the new paper economy. She locates the legend's earliest version in a seventeenth-century handbook on maritime law and traces its legacy all the way to the work of the founders of modern social theory-from Marx to Weber and Sombart.Deftly weaving together economic, legal, social, cultural, and intellectual history, Trivellato vividly describes how Christian writers drew on the story to define and redefine what constituted the proper boundaries of credit in a modern world increasingly dominated by finance.
Credit --- Credit. --- Jewish capitalists and financiers --- Jewish businesspeople --- History. --- Europe --- Europe. --- Europa --- Commerce --- Bordeaux. --- Catholic France. --- Catholic theologians. --- Christian merchants. --- Church doctrines. --- England. --- European commercial society. --- European private finance. --- French commercial society. --- Holy Roman Empire. --- Italian refugees. --- Jacque Savary. --- Jewish emancipation. --- Jewish history. --- Jewish moneylenders. --- Jewish usury. --- Jews. --- Karl Marx. --- Lombardy. --- Max Weber. --- Montesquieu. --- New Christians. --- Old Regime Europe. --- United Provinces. --- Werner Sombart. --- Western capitalism. --- ars mercatoria. --- banknotes. --- bills of exchange. --- commerce. --- commercial credit. --- commercialization. --- credit contract. --- credit contracts. --- credit instruments. --- credit market. --- crypto-Judaism. --- economic behaviors. --- equality. --- financial contracts. --- financial credit. --- long-distance trade. --- marine insurance policies. --- marine insurance. --- maritime laws. --- marketplace. --- merchant-bankers. --- modern capitalism. --- modern social thought. --- money. --- overseas commerce. --- paper economy. --- paper money. --- pawnbroking. --- private finance. --- private trade. --- usury. --- world trade. --- Étienne Cleirac.
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Taking a new approach to the study of cross-cultural trade, this book blends archival research with historical narrative and economic analysis to understand how the Sephardic Jews of Livorno, Tuscany, traded in regions near and far in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Commerce. --- Commerçants juifs --- Ethnic relations. --- Jewish merchants --- Jewish merchants. --- Jews --- Jews. --- Juifs --- Sephardim --- Sephardim. --- Séfarades --- Histoire --- History --- Economic conditions --- Economic conditions. --- Conditions économiques --- Social conditions --- Social conditions. --- Social life and customs --- Social life and customs. --- Conditions sociales --- Mœurs et coutumes --- 1700-1799. --- Italy --- Livorno (Italy) --- Commerce --- Ethnic relations
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Glass trade --- Glassworkers --- History
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"Il est quelque peu vertigineux d'imaginer qu'au XVIe siècle, un morceau de corail rouge de Méditerranée, pêché en plein été au large de la Corse ou de la Sardaigne, ait pu achever son voyage sur les contreforts enneigés de l'Himalaya. , dans un atelier de découpe cachemirien réservant ses plus belles pièces aux princes de la cour moghole. C'est pourtant la réalité de ces réseaux commerciaux à longue distance qui, dès l'aube de l'ère moderne, reliaient la Méditerranée orientale aux comptoirs de l'Asie portugaise via Lisbonne ou Alep. L'œuvre de Francesca Trivellato retrace la longue histoire des marchands séfarades de Livourne en Toscane qui construisirent au XVIIe siècle, au prix d'alliances toujours précaires et de transactions souvent risquées, de vastes réseaux de « commerce interculturel » actuels de la péninsule ibérique jusqu'au sous-continent indien. « Une histoire globale à échelle réduite » : il n'est pas certain que les historiens aient pris, au moment de la publication de l'ouvrage, en 2009, toute l'ampleur de l'ambition innovante de son auteur. Car ce qui se joue ici, c'est bien d'un tour de force méthodologique, en vue d'un rapprochement indéniable entre « micro-histoire » et « histoire globale ». En restant au plus près des sources, Francesca Trivellato redonne à la « première mondialisation » ses méandres et ses visages."
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History of civilization --- World history --- anno 1100-1199 --- anno 1200-1799 --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1000-1099 --- Commerce --- International economic relations --- Religion --- Relations économiques internationales --- History. --- Religious aspects --- History --- Economic aspects --- Histoire --- Aspect religieux --- Aspect économique --- Relations économiques internationales --- Aspect économique --- Religion, Primitive --- Atheism --- God --- Irreligion --- Religions --- Theology --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Religious aspects&delete& --- Economic aspects&delete&
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Entre le milieu du XVIIe siècle et le milieu du XVIIIe siècle, un vaste réseau d’échanges relie le port toscan de Livourne, l’un des principaux centres de redistribution du corail méditerranéen, à Goa d’où sont exportés des diamants bruts provenant du monde indien. Ce commerce interculturel à grande distance est animé par la communauté des marchands juifs actifs à Londres, Amsterdam, mais aussi et surtout à Livourne, capitale méconnue de la diaspora sépharade. Il repose sur des relations de marché où la sécurité des échanges n’est pas nécessairement garantie par des institutions étatiques, mais par un ensemble de règles et d’accords informels assurant une confiance réciproque. Or comment et sur quoi des Juifs sépharades de Livourne, des Hindous de Goa membres de la caste des Saraswat, des Italiens catholiques de Lisbonne peuvent-ils s’entendre ? Telle est la question qui anime l’intrigue du livre de Francesca Trivellato, à travers l’étude des réseaux de la société commerciale Ergas & Silvera. Cette historienne de grand renom travaille à réconcilier microstoria d’inspiration italienne et histoire globale. Ou, plus précisément, à mener une ” histoire globale à échelle réduite “. Celle-ci plonge le lecteur dans la familiarité d’un groupe humain scruté de si près que sont restituées la saveur et la densité d’une expérience humaine singulière, tout en ménageant, par la description de la complexité des contextes sociaux mais aussi par le recours permanent à l’histoire comparée avec d’autres diasporas et réseaux marchands, un continuel effet d’étrangeté. S’il vaut évidemment pour l’audace de sa proposition méthodologique, le livre peut également se lire à différents niveaux – depuis le détail d’une saga familiale jusqu’aux horizons élargis du grand commerce mondial.Francesca Trivellato est professeur d’histoire économique et sociale de la Méditerranée moderne à l’université de Yale. Corail contre diamants a été couronné à sa publication aux Etats-Unis par le Prix 2010 Leo Gershoy de l’American Historical Association et le Jordan Schnitzer Book Award de l’Association of Jewish Studies.Traduit par Guillaume Calafat, maître de conférences à l’université Paris 1-Panthéon-Sorbonne. Ses recherches portent sur la régulation du commerce et de la navigation en Méditerranée à l’époque moderne.
Jews --- Sephardim --- Jewish merchants --- History --- Economic conditions --- Social conditions --- Social life and customs --- Livorno (Italy) --- Commerce --- Ethnic relations --- Jews - Italy - Livorno - History - 18th century --- Sephardim - Italy - Livorno - History - 18th century --- Jews - Italy - Livorno - Economic conditions - 18th century --- Sephardim - Italy - Livorno - Economic conditions - 18th century --- Sephardim - Italy - Livorno - Social conditions - 18th century --- Sephardim - Italy - Livorno - Social life and customs - History - 18th century --- Jewish merchants - Italy - Livorno - History - 18th century --- Livorno (Italy) - Commerce - History - 18th century --- Livorno (Italy) - Ethnic relations - History - 18th century
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