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This book is a comprehensive technical treatise on binoculars as visual optical instruments. The author begins by discussing the function of binoculars and the properties of human visual perception. Theoretical models for the synthesis of binoculars and the complex interplay of the different components of binoculars are described. Subsequently, the performance limits, as experienced by the observer in a variety of external conditions, are derived. In the concluding section, the book takes the reader outdoors, where they learn to evaluate the properties and limitations of their binoculars in the field, and to recognize possible problems that may be due to manufacturing errors or accidental damages. Thus, a level of knowledge is provided that will enable the reader to fully exploit the capacities of their binoculars. This book is written for those who work professionally with binoculars and are technically interested, but it is equally useful for professional staff working in the optical industry and the distribution of optical instruments. It includes recent discoveries and is easily accessible to anyone who is seriously interested in learning about binocular function. High school level math is useful to understand the derivations, but not needed to comprehend the results, which are discussed and displayed graphically.

Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Astronomy --- Optics. --- Optical materials. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Applied Optics. --- Optical Materials. --- Observations. --- Binoculars.

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This book highlights the physics, research advances, and applications of integrated optical supercontinuum generation (SCG). The authors provide a roadmap of SCG in various nonlinear media and its historical perspective. The commonly used materials of integrated platforms are discussed, which could provide the references for platform choices in various nonlinear applications. The book introduces the fundamental light-guiding mechanisms, explains the typical dispersion engineering approaches, and summarizes various types of integrated waveguides. The authors present an overview of the physical mechanisms and fundamental equations involved in the SCG. They conduct an in-depth discussion on different types of nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) to adapt to various circumstances. Through these equations, readers can numerically model the SCG processes. In particular, the book reviews recent representative SCG reports in the integrated waveguides. Moreover, because of the close relationship between the frequency combs and SC, the book discusses some basic concepts of a frequency comb. Finally, the authors raise future prospects on SCG in the integrated waveguides. The book is a comprehensive reference for graduate students and researchers interested in the subject and a handy manual for professionals engaged in related work.

Optics. --- Nonlinear Optics. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Optical materials. --- Optics and Photonics. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Optical Materials.

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This book concerns the theory of optimal transport (OT) and its applications to solving problems in geometric optics. It is a self-contained presentation including a detailed analysis of the Monge problem, the Monge-Kantorovich problem, the transshipment problem, and the network flow problem. A chapter on Monge-Ampère measures is included containing also exercises. A detailed analysis of the Wasserstein metric is also carried out. For the applications to optics, the book describes the necessary background concerning light refraction, solving both far-field and near-field refraction problems, and indicates lines of current research in this area. Researchers in the fields of mathematical analysis, optimal transport, partial differential equations (PDEs), optimization, and optics will find this book valuable. It is also suitable for graduate students studying mathematics, physics, and engineering. The prerequisites for this book include a solid understanding of measure theory and integration, as well as basic knowledge of functional analysis.

Mathematical optimization. --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Differential equations. --- Optimization. --- Operations Research, Management Science . --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Differential Equations. --- Optimització matemàtica

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This book looks at the application of cascaded interferometers in both theoretical and practical contexts, particularly focusing on enhancing image contrast and facilitating medical diagnostics. Commencing with a comprehensive exploration of modulated two-beam interference employing Fourier optics, it progresses to discuss the implementation of a cascaded Michelson interferometer, with a specialized emphasis on its utility in analyzing microscopic structures such as glass fibers. Subsequent chapters examine step-index fibers using multiple laser beam interferometry and introduce sophisticated models for interpreting fringe shifts in unclad glass fibers through ordinary multiple-beam interference. Moreover, the book addresses the recognition of modulated apertures employing a Cascaded Fabry-Perot Interferometer (CFPI) and discusses its implications for various applications. It looks at the processing of retinal artery images leveraging higher orders of two-beam interference and investigates the utility of cascaded interferometric techniques in examining kidney and colon images. Furthermore, it presents a novel approach to image processing of coronaviruses utilizing interferometry techniques, showcasing the potential of interferometric methods in medical research and diagnostics. Through its systematic exploration of cascaded interferometers and their diverse applications, this book is suited for researchers, practitioners, and students alike, offering insights into both fundamental principles and advanced methodologies in interferometry and medical imaging.

Microscopy. --- Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Image processing. --- Imaging systems in biology. --- Materials --- Imaging systems. --- Optical Microscopy. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Image Processing. --- Biological Imaging. --- Imaging Techniques. --- Analysis.

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Classical asymptotic expansions, while producing a good approximation for the diffracted fields in general, appear hardly applicable in the case of extremely elongated bodies. Thus, there are problems that are on the one hand too difficult for numerical solvers due to large system size, and on the other hand make the description with classical asymptotic methods hard. The book explains why this happens and suggests the way out. By defining the characteristics of a strongly elongated body it introduces a special class of asymptotic approximations, which are in some sense uniform with respect to the rate of body elongation. Chapter 1 briefly describes the results of V. A. Fock and further developments of his approach towards the problems of diffraction by elongated obstacles. It formulates the cases of moderately and strongly elongated bodies. The rest of the book describes the approach of special parabolic equations, which lead to new asymptotic approximations for the diffracted fields. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 discuss diffraction by bodies of elliptical shape: The elliptic cylinder with a strongly elongated cross section and prolate spheroid with a high aspect ratio. Chapter 5 generalizes the approach to some other shapes such as narrow cones and narrow hyperboloids. Mathematical formulas for the Whittaker functions widely used in the book are collected in the Appendix. The concise derivations are supplied with numerous test examples that compare asymptotic approximations with numerically computed fields and clarify the specifics of high frequency diffraction by strongly elongated bodies. The reference solutions presented in the book enable one to validate the newly developed numerical solvers.

Geometrical optics. --- Wave theory of light. --- Electrodynamics. --- Mathematical physics. --- Acoustics. --- Classical Optics, Geometric and Wave optics. --- Classical Electrodynamics. --- Mathematical Methods in Physics. --- Physical mathematics --- Physics --- Mathematics --- Dynamics --- Light, Wave theory of --- Optics --- Wave-motion, Theory of --- Wave-particle duality --- Optics, Geometrical --- Diffraction. --- Light