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Gallienus herrschte auf dem Gipfel der «Krise des 3. Jahrhunderts». Eine Gesamtdarstellung aller Aspekte seiner Herrschaft stellt ein Desiderat der Forschung dar. Der Autor versucht dies unter Auswertung v. a. literarischer, numismatischer und epigraphischer Quellen. Zu umstrittenen chronologischen Fragen wird Stellung genommen. Unter Gallienus kam es zu wichtigen Weichenstellungen im militärisch-administrativen Bereich sowie auf dem Gebiet der Herrschaftsdarstellung. Dieser Kaiser ließ viele originelle Münztypen prägen und glich sich dabei verschiedenen Gottheiten an. Das Christentum erfuhr u
Coinage --- History. --- Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius, --- Rome --- Politics and government
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Gallienus, Publius Licinius Egnatius, --- 235-284. --- Rome --- Rome (Empire). --- History
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Since 2004 (Ethiopian Fiscal Year (EFY) 1997), Ethiopia has experienced strong and generally broad-based real economic growth of around 10.6 percent on average between then and 2011. Growth over the last nine years was far beyond the growth rates recorded in aggregate terms for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which on average only reached 5.2 percent, less than half of Ethiopia's average real gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate during that period. Inspired by the East Asian experiences for a comparison of selected indicators and policies of Ethiopia and China/Korea), growth was induced through a mix of factors including agricultural modernization, the development of new export sectors, strong global commodity demand, and government-led development investments. The initial double digits growth rates have now manifested slightly lower but remain at high single-digit levels. The economy is expected to stabilize at around seven to eight percent in 2012, largely owing to improved performance in the agriculture sector. GDP growth is likely to stay around that margin up until 2016 (EFY 2008) driven by rising foreign investment and exports (Economist Intelligence Unit 2012). High inflation persists, but is on a slightly decreasing trend. Economic growth brought with it positive trends in reducing poverty, in both urban and rural areas. Ethiopia follows a strategy of increasing exports to facilitate growth. This is appropriate given the currently limited size of its domestic market and it is consistent with the development experience of some of the recently successful countries, particularly in East Asia. Export of goods growth is to a good extent driven by volume growth across a variety of product groups, which indicates that this growth is a result of recent efforts to increase and diversify the export base. Overall export and import developments result in a significantly increased trade deficit by 43 percent, up from USD 5.5 billion in 2010/11 to USD 7.9 billion.
Agriculture --- Analysis of Economic Growth --- Consumers --- Debt --- Depreciation --- Developing Countries --- Development Policy --- Economic Development --- Economic Forecasting --- Economic Growth --- Economic Management --- Export Competitiveness --- Export Development and Competitiveness --- Financial Development --- Financial Management --- Fiscal & Monetary Policy --- Fiscal Policy --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Gdp --- Globalization --- Gross Domestic Product --- Household Income --- Human Capital --- Income Inequality --- Income Tax --- Industrialization --- Inflation --- Insurance --- Investment Climate --- Labor Market --- Living Standards --- Macroeconomic Management --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market Forces --- Marketing --- Monetary Policy --- Per Capita Income --- Population Growth --- Poverty Monitoring & analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Price Volatility --- Private Investment --- Property Rights --- Public Debt --- Public Investment --- Purchasing Power --- Savings --- Savings Rate --- Slowdown --- Surplus --- Tax Reform --- Trade and Integration --- Transaction Costs --- Wages --- World Development Indicators --- World Trade Organization
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This paper examines the pros and cons of gradual versus big-bang approaches toward devaluations. It presents original empirical evidence regarding output, consumption, investment and trade balances associated with gradual and big-bang devaluation episodes. It finds that big-bang devaluations are associated with lower output, investment and consumption, while gradual devaluations are not associated with any contemporaneous drops. Five case studies of gradual devaluations are also conducted.
Business cycles and stabilization policies --- Capital flows --- Capital markets and capital flows --- Currencies and exchange rates --- Economic conditions and volatility --- Finance and financial sector development --- Fiscal and monetary policy --- Fiscal policy --- Macroeconomics and economic growth --- Monetary policy
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Ghana has experienced a decade of solid and exceptionally high growth. Between 2005 and 2015, income nearly doubled. This paper analyzes the factors driving this impressive growth performance, using tools such as structural change decompositions and growth regressions. For the comparative perspective, the paper compares Ghana with its structural and aspirational peers. The paper finds that the contribution of structural change to growth has been limited and attributes this to labor that was freed up in agriculture not being absorbed by high-productivity sectors. Looking at factors that drove growth since 2000, financial development and infrastructure had the most important impacts. A benchmark analysis suggests that those areas should remain the policy focus over the longer term, but that near-term priority should be given to stabilization policies.
Agriculture --- Business cycles and stabilization policies --- Common carriers industry --- Construction industry --- Determinants of growth --- Economic growth --- Food and beverage industry --- Food security --- General manufacturing --- Inflation --- International economics and trade --- International trade and trade rules --- Labor markets --- Plastics and rubber industry --- Pulp and paper industry --- Social protections and labor --- Structural change --- Textiles apparel and leather industry
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This book offers a comprehensive collection of the most advanced numerical techniques for the efficient and effective solution of simulation and optimization problems governed by systems of time-dependent differential equations. The contributions present various approaches to time domain decomposition, focusing on multiple shooting and parareal algorithms. The range of topics covers theoretical analysis of the methods, as well as their algorithmic formulation and guidelines for practical implementation. Selected examples show that the discussed approaches are mandatory for the solution of challenging practical problems. The practicability and efficiency of the presented methods is illustrated by several case studies from fluid dynamics, data compression, image processing and computational biology, giving rise to possible new research topics. This volume, resulting from the workshop Multiple Shooting and Time Domain Decomposition Methods, held in Heidelberg in May 2013, will be of great interest to applied mathematicians, computer scientists and all scientists using mathematical methods.
Mathematics - General --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Decomposition method --- Differential equations --- Differential equations, Partial --- 517.91 Differential equations --- Method, Decomposition --- Mathematics. --- Numerical analysis. --- Partial differential equations. --- Applied mathematics. --- Engineering mathematics. --- Computer mathematics. --- Calculus of variations. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Partial Differential Equations. --- Calculus of Variations and Optimal Control; Optimization. --- Numeric Computing. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Applications of Mathematics. --- Operations research --- Programming (Mathematics) --- System analysis --- Computer science --- Differential equations, partial. --- Mathematical optimization. --- Electronic data processing. --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Math --- Science --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- ADP (Data processing) --- Automatic data processing --- Data processing --- EDP (Data processing) --- IDP (Data processing) --- Integrated data processing --- Computers --- Office practice --- Optimization (Mathematics) --- Optimization techniques --- Optimization theory --- Systems optimization --- Mathematical analysis --- Maxima and minima --- Simulation methods --- Partial differential equations --- Computer mathematics --- Discrete mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Automation --- Engineering analysis --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Isoperimetrical problems --- Variations, Calculus of
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