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This book by Christa Kolodej explores the concept of priming and its significant impact on counseling, negotiation, and mediation. It delves into how environmental factors can unconsciously influence thoughts, actions, and feelings, thereby affecting decision-making processes. The author provides a comprehensive examination of various types of priming, including visual, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory, and their applications in professional settings. By understanding these influences, practitioners can enhance their effectiveness, creativity, and the overall quality of their interactions. The book is aimed at professionals in counseling and mediation, offering insights to improve practice through conscious manipulation of environmental cues.

Priming (Psychology) --- Counseling

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"In 2012 a team of Belgian scientists reported that they had been unable to replicate an iconic psychology experiment in the field known as priming. The original experiment purported to show the influence of stimuli on the behavior of experimental subjects, specifically their automatic tendency to walk more slowly when they were "primed" by words connoting old age. The failed replication contributed to an emerging debate over what had gone wrong in psychology, as many other well-known priming and related experiments also soon proved to be unreplicable. According to Ruth Leys, the effect was to help precipitate a devastating reckoning from which not only the priming field but the psychological and cognitive sciences more generally have yet to recover. Understandably, the huge and bitter controversy has largely focused on methodological problems in the psychological sciences and on the steps needed to reform the field. But important as this literature on the failings of psychology has been, Leys argues that there has been no attempt so far to analyze the history of the scientific hypotheses and experimental practices that from the start have guided and motivated priming research itself. In other words, we lack what Leys calls a genealogy of the theoretical assumptions and scientific paradigms informing the research on priming and automatic behavior, and which can be seen to have led to the crisis of 2012. This is what her book provides"--

Priming (Psychology) --- Psychology --- Causation. --- Research.

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In this century the human being must face the challenges of producing enough to feed a growing population in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. The yields are with increasing frequency affected by abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and high temperature or by new diseases and plagues. The Research Topic on Induced Resistance for Plant Defense focuses on the understanding the mechanisms underlying plant resistance or tolerance since these will help us to develop fruitful new agricultural strategies for a sustainable crop protection. This topic and its potential applications provide a new sustainable approach to crop protection. This technology currently can offer promising molecules capable to provide new long lasting treatments for crop protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. The aim of this Research Topic is to review and discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating plant induced resistance and how from our better understanding of these mechanisms we can find molecules capable of inducing this defence response in the plant, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture we need for the next challenges of the XXI century.

priming --- plant defence activators --- induced resistance --- elicitors --- abiotic stress

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In this century the human being must face the challenges of producing enough to feed a growing population in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. The yields are with increasing frequency affected by abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, and high temperature or by new diseases and plagues. The Research Topic on Induced Resistance for Plant Defense focuses on the understanding the mechanisms underlying plant resistance or tolerance since these will help us to develop fruitful new agricultural strategies for a sustainable crop protection. This topic and its potential applications provide a new sustainable approach to crop protection. This technology currently can offer promising molecules capable to provide new long lasting treatments for crop protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. The aim of this Research Topic is to review and discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating plant induced resistance and how from our better understanding of these mechanisms we can find molecules capable of inducing this defence response in the plant, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture we need for the next challenges of the XXI century.

priming --- plant defence activators --- induced resistance --- elicitors --- abiotic stress

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In search for alternatives to conventional pesticides, priming appeared to be an interesting finding as a prophylactic treatment of crops, at low fitness cost. In this respect, only few research has been conducted on the priming potential of essential oils, which are already known for their multiple properties and are raising interest in agriculture. The priming effect of seed coating with (the thujone- free) Artemisia absinthium L. var. candial® essential oil (AEO) on Solanum lycopersicum L. has been proven effective against Fusarium oxysporum. Therefore, in this study, its effect against the common pests Myzus persicae and Meloidogyne javanica, respectively on Capsicum annuum L. and S. lycopersicum, was investigated. In vitro assays confirmed that AEO was not nematicidal, had a low activity against aphids and that it was not phytotoxic to pepper. It was detrimental for tomato seeds’ germination from a concentration of 5 mg/mL but the in vivo experiments highlighted that the resulting plants were, visually, healthy. On one hand, the biological observations made during the in vivo assays showed no effect against M. javanica but an increase in reproduction of M. persicae on treated peppers and significant differences in weight of roots and aerials. On the other hand, GC- and HPLC- MS analyses of the secondary metabolites synthesized in the aerial parts of both peppers and tomatoes, revealed that the seed coating by AEO, did trigger a response. To allocate the differences observed between treated, non-treated, infected and non-infected plants, to priming of defenses, additional data need to be collected. The most promising route for further investigation would be to apply the AEO-priming-treatment at a later growth stage. Several suggestions are provided in the perspectives. Dans la recherche d’alternatives aux pesticides conventionnels, le «priming» représente une découverte intéressante en tant que traitement prophylactique, à moindre coût pour les plantes cultivées. Très peu de recherches ont été effectuées dans cette optique, sur les huiles essentielles, dont les multiples propriétés sont pourtant bien connues et rencontrent un succès grandissant dans le domaine de l’agriculture. L’effet de « priming » de l’huile essentielle d’Artemisia absinthium L. (HEA) (de la variété candial® qui ne possède pas de thujone), administrée par enrobage de la graine, a déjà été démontré sur Solanum lycopersicum L. contre Fusarium oxysporum. C’est pourquoi, dans le cadre de ce travail, son effet contre les ravageurs communs Myzus persicae et Meloidogyne javanica, sur respectivement, Capsicum annuum L. et S. lycopersicum a été investigué. Les essais in vitro ont confirmé que l’HEA n’était pas nématicide, possédait une faible activité contre les pucerons et n’était pas phytotoxique pour le poivron. Elle était néfaste pour la germination des graines de tomate à partir d’une concentration de 5 mg/mL mais les expériences in vivo ont mis en évidence que les plantes en résultant étaient, visuellement, saines. En ce qui concerne les essais in vivo, d’une part, les observations biologiques n’ont montré aucun effet contre M. javanica mais une augmentation de la reproduction de M. persicae sur les poivrons traités et des différences significatives entre les poids des racines et des parties aériennes des poivrons testés. D’autre part, les analyses GC- et HPLC-MS des métabolites secondaires synthétisés dans les parties aériennes des poivrons et des tomates, ont révélé que l’enrobage des graines avec l’HEA, a bel et bien stimulé une réponse chez les plantes. Pour pouvoir attribuer les différences observées, entre plantes traitées, non-traitées, infectées et non-infectées, au « priming », des données supplémentaires devraient être récoltées. La piste la plus prometteuse pour approfondir les recherches futures serait d’appliquer le traitement de l’HEA à un stade de développement de la plante, plus avancé. Plusieurs suggestions sont formulées dans les perspectives.

essential oil --- plant defense --- priming --- nematode --- aphid --- tomato --- pepper --- huile essentielle --- défense des plantes --- "priming" --- nématode --- puceron --- tomate --- poivron --- Sciences du vivant > Multidisciplinaire, généralités & autres