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Software engineering --- Human computation --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction

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"This book focuses on the study of the remarkable new source of geographic information that has become available in the form of user-generated content accessible over the Internet through mobile and Web applications. The exploitation, integration and application of these sources, termed volunteered geographic information (VGI) or crowdsourced geographic information (CGI), offer scientists an unprecedented opportunity to conduct research on a variety of topics at multiple scales and for diversified objectives. The Handbook is organized in five parts, addressing the fundamental questions: What motivates citizens to provide such information in the public domain, and what factors govern/predict its validity?What methods might be used to validate such information? Can VGI be framed within the larger domain of sensor networks, in which inert and static sensors are replaced or combined by intelligent and mobile humans equipped with sensing devices? What limitations are imposed on VGI by differential access to broadband Internet, mobile phones, and other communication technologies, and by concerns over privacy? How do VGI and crowdsourcing enable innovation applications to benefit human society? Chapters examine how crowdsourcing techniques and methods, and the VGI phenomenon, have motivated a multidisciplinary research community to identify both fields of applications and quality criteria depending on the use of VGI. Besides harvesting tools and storage of these data, research has paid remarkable attention to these information resources, in an age when information and participation is one of the most important drivers of development. The collection opens questions and points to new research directions in addition to the findings that each of the authors demonstrates. Despite rapid progress in VGI research, this Handbook also shows that there are technical, social, political and methodological challenges that require further studies and research."

Geographic information systems. --- Human computation. --- User-generated content. --- User-created content --- Electronic information resources --- Social media --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Geography

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Ever since the term "crowdsourcing" was coined in 2006 by Wired writer Jeff Howe, group activities ranging from the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary to the choosing of new colors for M & Ms have been labeled with this most buzz-generating of media buzzwords. In this accessible but authoritative account, grounded in the empirical literature, Daren Brabham explains what crowdsourcing is, what it is not, and how it works. Crowdsourcing, Brabham tells us, is an online, distributed problem solving and production model that leverages the collective intelligence of online communities for specific purposes set forth by a crowdsourcing organization -- corporate, government, or volunteer. Uniquely, it combines a bottom-up, open, creative process with top-down organizational goals. Crowdsourcing is not open source production, which lacks the top-down component; it is not a market research survey that offers participants a short list of choices; and it is qualitatively different from predigital open innovation and collaborative production processes, which lacked the speed, reach, rich capability, and lowered barriers to entry enabled by the Internet. Brabham describes the intellectual roots of the idea of crowdsourcing in such concepts as collective intelligence, the wisdom of crowds, and distributed computing. He surveys the major issues in crowdsourcing, including crowd motivation, the misconception of the amateur participant, crowdfunding, and the danger of "crowdsploitation" of volunteer labor, citing real-world examples from Threadless, InnoCentive, and other organizations. And he considers the future of crowdsourcing in both theory and practice, describing its possible roles in journalism, governance, national security, and science and health.

Human computation. --- Human-computer interaction. --- Computer-human interaction --- Human factors in computing systems --- Interaction, Human-computer --- Crowdsourcing --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Human engineering --- User-centered system design --- User interfaces (Computer systems) --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Human computation --- E-books --- Group decision making --- Business networks --- Externalisation ouverte --- Interaction homme-machine (Informatique) --- Décision de groupe --- Réseaux d'affaires --- INFORMATION SCIENCE/Communications & Telecommunications --- SOCIAL SCIENCES/Media Studies --- ECONOMICS/Labor Studies --- Crowdsourcing.

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Translating and interpreting. --- Human computation. --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction --- Interpretation and translation --- Interpreting and translating --- Language and languages --- Literature --- Translation and interpretation --- Translators --- Translating --- Mass communications --- Translation science --- #KVHA:Vertaalwetenschap --- #KVHA:Online vertalen --- #KVHA:Crowdsourcing --- Communication and technology. --- Intercultural communication. --- Internet. --- Translating and interpreting --- Vertalen en crowdsourcing. --- Vertalen en technologie. --- Vertalen --- Study and teaching --- Technological innnovations. --- Technologische innovaties.

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The phenomenon of volunteered geographic information is part of a profound transformation in how geographic data, information, and knowledge are produced and circulated. By situating volunteered geographic information (VGI) in the context of big-data deluge and the data-intensive inquiry, the 20 chapters in this book explore both the theories and applications of crowdsourcing for geographic knowledge production with three sections focusing on 1).  VGI, Public Participation, and Citizen Science; 2). Geographic Knowledge Production and Place Inference; and 3). Emerging Applications and New Challenges.  This book argues that future progress in VGI research depends in large part on building strong linkages with diverse geographic scholarship. Contributors of this volume situate VGI research in geography’s core concerns with space and place, and offer several ways of addressing persistent challenges of quality assurance in VGI. This book positions VGI as part of a shift toward hybrid epistemologies, and potentially a fourth paradigm of data-intensive inquiry across the sciences. It also considers the implications of VGI and the exaflood for further time-space compression and new forms, degrees of digital inequality, the renewed importance of geography, and the role of crowdsourcing for geographic knowledge production.

Geographical perception. --- Geographic information systems --- Human computation --- Data mining --- Geography --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Geography-General --- Cartography --- Geographic information systems. --- Human computation. --- Data mining. --- Crowdsourcing --- Human-based computation --- Human computation systems --- Geography. --- Geographical information systems. --- Geographical Information Systems/Cartography. --- Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery. --- Algorithmic knowledge discovery --- Factual data analysis --- KDD (Information retrieval) --- Knowledge discovery in data --- Knowledge discovery in databases --- Mining, Data --- Database searching --- Geographical information systems --- GIS (Information systems) --- Information storage and retrieval systems --- Crowdsourcing (Distributed artificial intelligence) --- Distributed artificial intelligence --- Human-computer interaction