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Né au cours des années 1960 et 1970, l'art urbain est devenu un phénomène artistique planétaire. Exercé au départ gratuitement et sans autorisation dans l'espace public, il agrège des pratiques et des formes aussi diverses que le graffiti, le muralisme ou le street art, et charrie des influences qui vont de la publicité aux cultures de masse en passant par le militantisme. Sans former un véritable mouvement, tous ces artistes n'en ont pas moins des points communs. Parmi eux, la capacité à œuvrer dans la ville en toute liberté, avec une remarquable économie de moyens. Quatre auteurs reviennent sur les origines de l'art urbain, depuis l'émergence de pratiques contextuelles et du graffiti writing dans les années 1960 jusqu'à sa reconnaissance publique, institutionnelle, médiatique et même marchande. Quatre regards complémentaires, portés sur un mouvement hétérogène, car accessible à tous. -- Résumé de l'éditeur.

Urban development.

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This is the first iteration of a Transport Asset Management Planning (TAMP) Guideline for Ulaanbaatar. This TAMP Guideline I guides the Municipality of Ulaanbaatar (MUB) to move away from its conventional reactive decision-making approach and adopt a systematic, evidence- and risk-based approach in maintaining its road assets. The reactive way of doing business, which postpones repair activities until major deterioration occurs, is no longer sustainable. It is too expensive, and it erodes the value of important and costly road assets. As the costs of operating and repairing roads continue to increase, it has become more difficult for the MUB to meet the demands of an aging and expanding infrastructure while dealing with public expectations to provide the same level of service. This TAMP Guideline can therefore serve as a medium- and long-term tactical guide for MUB to plan for repair and maintenance of its transport assets to provide good quality road network to UB's citizens while optimizing the use of its scarce financial resources for maintenance and repairs. The TAMP incorporates two key risks that strain the performance and safety of UB's road network: climate risks (particularly urban flooding) and road safety risks.

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These opening remarks were made by World Bank Group President David Malpass at the State of the Global Economy Event Organized by Brookings Institution on July 13, 2022. Mr. Malpass said the world is facing multiple crises, including the sharpest slowdown in GDP growth in 80 years, the risk of a frozen crisis in Ukraine due to Russia's invasion, and a massive worsening in global inequality as advanced economies absorb the limited supplies of global capital and energy. Global growth is not expected to rebound in 2023, given energy supply constraints; the long overdue normalization of interest rates and bond yields in the advanced economies; and the misallocation of investments that has pushed much of the world's savings into bonds, mostly bonds issued by governments and overcapitalized borrowers. The global economy is also facing significant downside risks. These include intensifying geopolitical tensions, the fragility in many countries, the potential for an extended period of stagflation, the widespread financial stress that's caused by the higher borrowing costs, and food insecurity.

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This report outlines a proactive vision of how development of the supplementary service provider in the water sector can promote citywide inclusive water supply, ensure rapid progress is made in achieving SDG 6.1, and deliver on the green, resilient, and inclusive development and jobs development agenda. Using case studies from around the world, it analyzes the potential of off-utility provision of water and develops a framework focused on what is needed to formalize, professionalize, and scale up these services. It also presents potential models for high-quality supplementary service provider water delivery and outlines how these can be implemented.

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Pacific Island communities are particularly vulnerable to natural disasters - ranging from tropical cyclones, drought, floods, storm surges and tsunamis. Each year, these events result in significant loss of life, the destruction of homes, public infrastructure and livelihoods and the reversal of hard-won economic gains. Recently, deadly tsunami and earthquake events in the Indian Ocean region have focused the attention of the world community, particularly those living in small islands and coastal regions, to the need for greater vigilance in disaster prevention and preparedness. This is all the more important as evidence mounts that climate change will exacerbate the incidence of extreme events and potential disasters. The goal of this Policy Note is to influence policy makers and development partners in the Pacific Islands region to undertake risk management of natural hazards and minimize the future impacts of natural disasters, climate change and sea-level rise. As a short-term objective, the Policy Note aims to review the disaster trends and lessons learned from pilot risk management of natural hazards initiatives, and recommend a strategic way forward. Particular attention is paid to Incentives, Institutions, and Instruments.

Urban Development.