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Science and technology intermediary organizations --- Executive coaching. --- Leadership. --- Employees --- Management. --- Coaching of.

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PARASITIC DISEASES --- ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE --- TRANSGLUTAMINASE --- ACETYLATION --- CLINICAL MEDICINE --- NEOPLASMS --- CELL DIVISION --- CONJUGATES --- INHIBITORS --- BIOSYNTHESIS --- POLYAMINES --- INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM

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Vietnam stands out as one of the most dynamic emerging countries in the East Asia and Pacific region. Since major reforms in the 1990s, the country has experienced an annual average growth rate of 6-7 percent, and extreme poverty rate has fallen from over 50 percent to 3 percent. Yet, the rapid growth and decentralization process have brought significant pressure on provincial governments in terms of local infrastructure investments and urban services delivery. With an annual shortfall of US$9 billion in funding for local infrastructure investments, provincial governments in Vietnam need to move toward a more market-driven financing model. This transition will require enhanced financial and technical capacity of local governments as well as an enabling environment for subnational borrowing. This report explores the development of a pilot financial instrument that could catalyze the subnational borrowing market in Vietnam. The report presents the findings of three assessments, which focused on (a) the borrowing capacity and creditworthiness of selected provincial governments, (b) the capacity of the commercial banking sector to invest in provincial governments, and (c) the current status of Vietnam's regulatory framework. The findings of this report will be useful to policy makers in Vietnam, providing an understanding of the key issues associated with a shift toward a more affordable and efficient local infrastructure financing model and presenting a preliminary roadmap for development of a pilot instrument. The report will also be of interest to policy makers in other transition countries that are facing similar challenges.

Borrowing --- Credit Enhancement --- Demand Side Analysis --- Financial Intermediary --- Local Government --- Municipal Development Fund --- Municipal Infrastructure Finance --- Regulatory Framework --- Subnational Borrowing --- Subnational Debt --- Supply Side Analysis --- Wholesale Facility

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This paper uses data on directional trade flows and Regional Trade Agreements (RTA) to i) estimate the effects of RTA on trade flows and ii) assess the importance of Global Value Chains for these effects. Based on a Difference-in- Difference identification strategy, we find that RTAs are associated with: (1) an increase in trade within the region, (2) a decrease in inflows to the region, and (3) an increase in outflows from the region. The first two findings can be understood as trade creation and trade diversion due to a shift in demand associated with the lower trade barriers within the region and Rules of Origin as an implicit trade barrier for imports from the rest of the world. Global Value Chains are most relevant to understand the third finding on the increase in outflows from the region. The key determinant of the increase in outflows is the importance of the Regional Value Chains for imports of intermediates by members of the region.

Global Value Chain --- Intermediary Imports --- International Economics and Trade --- International Trade and Trade Rules --- Regional Trade Agreements --- Rules of Origin --- Trade Agreements --- Trade and Regional Integration --- Trade Diversion --- Trade Policy

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This book looks at the increasing demand for energy of contemporary societies and economies from around the world. Energy is the driving force behind development. As such, the future challenge will be not only to meet the rising demand but also to implement less reliance on depleting fossil fuels, which cause damage to the environment. Moreover, the sustainability of supplied energy requires a reduction of emissions to control the absorption capacity vis-à-vis the environment. Globally, policymakers have largely recognized the significance of the relationship between energy and economic progress. Policymakers usually consider the social and economic aspects of energy security in terms of affordability and accessibility of service. The conditions of socioeconomic development depend on safe, secure, and sustainable energy at affordable prices. One of the prime concerns of policymakers should be to ensure energy security at the national level. These factors result in an increasing interest in undertaking activities in developing renewable resources. Energy efficiency is treated as the most cost-effective way to reduce energy demand while maintaining stable economic activity. Increasing energy efficiency is an important contributive aspect to solving issues in relation to climate change, energy security, and energy competitiveness. As a result, no country can afford to waste energy—giving rise to this Special Issue of “Energy Security as a Key Driving Factor for Socioeconomic Development: From Mitigation to Solution” in the journal Energies.

Research & information: general --- Technology: general issues --- innovation capability --- spatial association --- industry upgrade --- Tobit model --- intermediary effect --- sustainable development --- China --- container shipping --- emissions --- maritime transport --- sustainable shipping --- green shipping --- IMO --- coal --- energy poverty --- just transition --- women --- sustainable development goal --- gender --- employment --- energy burden --- peer-to-peer --- energy behavior --- energy justice --- low-income --- underserved communities --- energy savings --- rural-to-urban transition --- energy mitigation --- urbanization agenda --- smart city --- energy landscape --- urban energy transition --- alternative energy technologies --- sustainable energy --- geopolitical energy change --- Central and Eastern Europe --- renewable energy --- prosumer decision --- factor analysis --- investment decision --- n/a