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Vrijheid is een kernwaarde in onze maatschappij. Maar het woord ‘vrij’ is gekaapt en wordt gebruikt om uitbuiting te rechtvaardigen. De farmaceutische industrie neemt de vrijheid om te veel geld te vragen voor medicijnen, grote techbedrijven zijn gevrijwaard van toezicht als het om privacy gaat, politici voelen zich vrij om tot opstand op te roepen, en het bedrijfsleven wordt nauwelijks belemmerd in zijn vrijheid om de planeet te vervuilen. Hoe heeft het zo ver kunnen komen? Wiens vrijheid is eigenlijk het belangrijkst – en welke vrijheid moeten we dringend heroverwegen?Nobelprijswinnaar Joseph E. Stiglitz betoogt dat het westerse politieke en economische systeem geen werkelijke vrijheid biedt: neoliberalisme en vrijemarktkapitalisme vormen voor veruit de meeste mensen juist een bedreiging. De weg naar vrijheid laat zien dat een fundamentele herwaardering van de democratie en de economie noodzakelijk is, en niet alleen in de Verenigde Staten: welk systeem staat dan wél garant voor een goede samenleving, inclusief betekenisvolle vrijheden voor het grootste deel van de mensheid? Het nieuwe boek van Stiglitz is essentieel voor iedereen die zich een toekomst voorstelt waarin tolerantie en vrijheid centraal staan.
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The paper surveys the recent work on economics of information with endogenous information structures where individuals can directly communicate information with each other. We consider the theoretical work on cheap talk, Bayesian persuasion, and information design, and review the implications of information control and information abundance for mis and disinformation. The relationship between information and market power is particularly important when social media can amplify and maintain harmful fictions that lead to polarization and undermine not only markets, but democratic discourse. We review both the "rational" decision-making paradigm, as well as departures from it, such as cases where decision makers can choose what to know, can allocate their attention in different ways or have behavioral biases that influence their information processing. We note some important connections to legal and media studies and highlight key messages in nontechnical language.
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We survey aspects of the intellectual development of the economics of information from the 1970s to today. We focus here on models where information is communicated indirectly through actions. Basic results, such as the failure of the fundamental theorems of welfare economics, the non-existence of competitive equilibrium, and the dependence of the nature of the equilibrium, when it exists, on both what information is available, and how information can be acquired, have been shown to be robust. Markets create asymmetries of information, even when initially none existed. While the earliest literature paid scarce attention to misinformation, subsequently it has been shown that governments can improve welfare, if disinformation is present, through fraud laws and disclosure requirements. Moreover, robust mechanism design enables agents and governments to better achieve their objectives, taking into account information asymmetries. On the other hand, market reforms that ignored their informational consequences may have lowered welfare. Surveying both theory and applications, we review the main insights of these literatures, and highlight key messages using nontechnical language.
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This paper analyses the impact of credit expansions arising from increases in collateral values or lower interest rate policies on long-run productivity and economic growth in a two-sector endogenous growth economy with credit frictions, with the driver of growth lying in one sector (manufacturing) but not in the other (real estate). We show that it is not so much aggregate credit expansion that matters for long-run productivity and economic growth but sectoral credit expansions. Credit expansions associated mainly with relaxation of real estate financing (capital investment financing) will be productivity-and growth-retarding (enhancing). Without financial regulations, low interest rates and more expansionary monetary policy may so encourage land speculation using leverage that productive capital investment and economic growth are decreased. Unlike in standard macroeconomic models, in ours, the equilibrium price of land will be finite even if the safe rate of interest is less than the rate of output growth.
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We show that supply networks are inefficiently, and insufficiently, resilient. Upstream firms can expand their production capacity to hedge against supply and demand shocks. But the social benefits of such investments are not internalized due to market power and market incompleteness. Upstream firms under-invest in capacity and resilience, passing-on the costs to down-stream firms, and drive trade excessively towards the spot markets. There is a wedge between the market solution and a constrained optimal benchmark, which persists even without rare and large shocks. Policies designed to incentivize capacity investment, reduce reliance on spot markets, and enhance competition ameliorate the externality.
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