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Charles Townes invented the maser and the laser, and was a pioneer in the use of spectroscopic techniques to determine the atomic composition of stars. This is the memoir of a life devoted to scientific research.

Lasers --- Masers --- Science and state --- Microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Quantum mechanical amplifiers --- Electromagnetism --- Electron tubes --- Infrared sources --- Microwave amplifiers --- Microwave devices --- Optical pumping --- Quantum electronics --- Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation --- Masers, Optical --- Optical masers --- Light amplifiers --- Light sources --- Optoelectronic devices --- Nonlinear optics --- Optical parametric oscillators --- History.