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Financial inclusion can increase economic growth and productivity and reduce poverty and inequality by helping people and firms—particularly SMEs—to save and invest, smooth consumption, and better manage financial risks. This paper highlights Niger’s lag compared to other WAEMU countries in terms of access to and use of formal financial services, including for women and youth, and underscores key demand and supply side challenges to financial inclusion as well as structural impediments. It lays out key priorities for Niger to harness the potential of greater financial inclusion to support the country’s development agenda, including efforts to tackle low financial literacy, promote digitization, and address informality.
Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Industries: Financial Services --- Finance: General --- Demography --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Banks --- Depository Institutions --- Micro Finance Institutions --- Mortgages --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Financial Literacy --- Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy --- Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation --- Monetary Systems --- Standards --- Regimes --- Government and the Monetary System --- Payment Systems --- Demographic Economics: General --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Finance --- Population & demography --- Distributed ledgers --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Financial inclusion --- Financial markets --- Financial services --- Population and demographics --- Digital financial services --- Technology --- Digital currencies --- International agencies --- Financial services industry --- Technological innovations --- Population --- Niger
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The assessment of external positions and exchange rates of member countries is a key mandate of the IMF. The External Balance Assessment (EBA) methodology has provided the framework for conducting external sector assessments by Fund staff since its introduction in 2012. This paper provides the latest version of the EBA methodology, updated in 2022 with additional refinements to the current account and real exchange rate regression models, as well as updated estimates for other components of the EBA methodology. The paper also includes an assessment of how estimated current account gaps based on EBA are associated with future external adjustment.
Macroeconomics --- Economics: General --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- Current Account Adjustment --- Short-term Capital Movements --- Open Economy Macroeconomics --- International Policy Coordination and Transmission --- International Financial Markets --- Economic Development: Financial Markets --- Saving and Capital Investment --- Corporate Finance and Governance --- Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy --- Factor Movement --- Foreign Exchange Policy --- Economic & financial crises & disasters --- Economics of specific sectors --- International economics --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- External balance assessment (EBA) --- External position --- Real effective exchange rates --- Current account --- Balance of payments --- Current account balance --- Real exchange rates --- Currency crises --- Informal sector --- Economics --- International finance --- United States
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