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NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton Observatory have been the pioneering satellites for studying the Universe with X-rays and the cornerstone of X-ray spectroscopy since their launches more than 20 years ago. The onboard gratings provide us a unique opportunity to distinguish individual spectral lines from different atoms thanks to their high energy resolutions. Enormous discoveries have been achieved by these two missions when observing a variety of X-ray-emitting astronomical objects, such as black holes, supernova remnants, clusters of galaxies, and stars. However, the data are limited to fairly bright X-ray sources. The recent JAXA's mission Hitomi opened a new window of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy thanks to its onboard X-ray calorimeter. Although this mission was shortly terminated due to a mishap, Hitomi left behind a few sets of observations awaiting more data mining. The first half of this book introduces the history of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy and different generations of X-ray spectrometers. A tutorial guide on how to reduce, analyze, and understand the astronomical data from Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Hitomi is also included. The second half of the book reviews past results obtained by the high-resolution spectrometers on these missions on multiple topics and discusses possible discoveries by upcoming missions in the next decade.

X-ray spectroscopy. --- Astronomy --- Measurement. --- Measuring instruments. --- Astrophysics. --- X-Ray Spectroscopy. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Observations. --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Instruments, Measuring --- Measurement --- Measuring tools --- Scientific apparatus and instruments --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Emission spectroscopy, X-ray --- Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy --- Excitation analysis, Fluorescent --- Fluorescence analysis, X-ray --- Fluorescent excitation analysis --- Fluorescent x-ray spectroscopy --- X-ray emission spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence analysis --- XES (X-ray emission spectroscopy) --- Spectrum analysis --- Instruments

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Small Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering with Applications to Geomaterials provides techniques for the analysis of geomaterials, which is of great significance for humans because geomaterials are related to earthquake, resource development, underground spaces, carbon dioxide storage, and more. The book introduces the fundamental theory of small angle X-ray and neutron scattering and covers pore accessibility characterization for natural rocks from four aspects, including quantitative evaluation of pore structure heterogeneity and anisotropy, quantification of pore modification in coals due to pulverization, estimation and modeling of coal pore accessibility, and nanoscale coal deformation and alteration of porosity and pore orientation under uniaxial compression.

Rocks --- Small-angle x-ray scattering. --- Neutrons --- Analysis. --- Scattering.

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This book gives a comprehensive account of modern x-ray science, based on the use of synchrotron radiation and x-ray-free electron lasers (XFELs). It emphasizes the new capabilities of XFELs which extend the study of matter to the intrinsic timescales associated with the motion of atoms and chemical transformations and give birth to the new field of non-linear x-ray science. Starting with the historical understanding of the puzzling nature of light, it covers the modern description of the creation, properties, and detection of x-rays within quantum optics. It then presents the formulation of the interactions of x-rays with atomic matter, both, from semi-classical and first-principles quantum points of view. The fundamental x-ray processes and techniques, absorption, emission, Thomson, and resonant scattering (REXS and RIXS) are reviewed with emphasis on simple intuitive pictures that are illustrated by experimental results. Concepts of x-ray imaging and diffractive imaging of atomic and nano structures are discussed, and the quantum optics formulation of diffraction is presented that reveals the remarkable quantum substructure of light. The unique power of x-rays in providing atom and chemical-bond specific information and separating charge and spin phenomena through x-ray polarization (dichroism) effects are highlighted. The book concludes with the discussion of many-photon or non-linear x-ray phenomena encountered with XFELs, such as stimulated emission and x-ray transparency.

Synchrotrons. --- Optics. --- X-ray spectroscopy. --- Atoms. --- Molecules. --- Quantum optics. --- Condensed matter. --- Synchrotron Techniques. --- Light-Matter Interaction. --- X-Ray Spectroscopy. --- Atomic, Molecular and Chemical Physics. --- Quantum Optics. --- Condensed Matter Physics. --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Optics --- Photons --- Quantum theory --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Stereochemistry --- Emission spectroscopy, X-ray --- Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy --- Excitation analysis, Fluorescent --- Fluorescence analysis, X-ray --- Fluorescent excitation analysis --- Fluorescent x-ray spectroscopy --- X-ray emission spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence analysis --- XES (X-ray emission spectroscopy) --- Spectrum analysis --- Physics --- Light --- Synchrotron --- Particle accelerators --- Constitution

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This thesis presents an optical & X-ray study of the Be + sdO binary φ Persei. Optical spectra gathered over two decades by amateur astronomers are used to obtain a new orbital solution for the system. Then, Chandra observations are used to constrain the system’s X-ray emission as well as determine its dependence on the orbital phase using the new orbital solution.

Be star --- Radial velocity --- φ Persei --- X-ray --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Aérospatiale, astronomie & astrophysique

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For over 25 years, gamma-ray bursts were the outstanding mystery in astronomy. No one knew where they were or how they worked. This book tells how the mystery was unravelled, from the discovery of bursts by a satellite system to their observation.

Gamma ray bursts. --- Bursts, Cosmic gamma ray --- Bursts, Gamma ray --- Cosmic gamma ray bursts --- Transients, Gamma ray --- Gamma ray astronomy --- X-ray bursts