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Niger’s exposure to recurrent shocks, including climate shocks, increases its vulnerability to food insecurity. This paper aims to quantify the combined effects of climate shocks and food insecurity on key economic variables and identify the most effective mitigation policy responses using a general equilibrium model. Results indicate that rural households would be the most affected by a climate shock resulting in a decline in domestic agricultural production, which would reduce their consumption, erode their capital, and thus increase urban-rural inequalities. Simulations show that cash transfers and the reduction of internal mobility costs appear to be more effective in mitigating the impact on households of a climate shock on agricultural production.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Macroeconomics --- Environmental Economics --- Agriculture & Food Policy --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium: General --- Agricultural Policy --- Food Policy --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Macroeconomics: Consumption --- Saving --- Wealth --- Aggregate Factor Income Distribution --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Climate change --- Poverty & precarity --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Consumption --- National accounts --- Environment --- Food security --- Poverty --- Income --- International agencies --- Economics --- Climatic changes --- Niger

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Meeting South Africa’s ambitious climate objectives will require a comprehensive strategy that includes a more effective use of carbon pricing policy, reducing inefficient government subsidies that have delayed the green transition, well-targeted support to affected industries and households, and other green financial and sectoral measures. Implemented well, the mitigation policy package would promote low-carbon investments, raise government revenues, and support economic growth.

Money and Monetary Policy --- International Economics --- Taxation --- Environmental Economics --- Environmental Conservation and Protection --- Public Finance --- Investments: Energy --- Monetary Policy --- International Agreements and Observance --- International Organizations --- Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models --- Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities --- Redistributive Effects --- Environmental Taxes and Subsidies --- Economywide Country Studies: Africa --- Industrialization --- Manufacturing and Service Industries --- Choice of Technology --- Climate --- Natural Disasters and Their Management --- Global Warming --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Electric Utilities --- Environmental Economics: Government Policy --- Monetary economics --- International institutions --- Public finance & taxation --- Environmental economics --- Climate change --- Investment & securities --- Environmental policy & protocols --- Monetary policy --- International organization --- Carbon tax --- Taxes --- Greenhouse gas emissions --- Environment --- Revenue administration --- Electricity --- Commodities --- International agencies --- Environmental impact charges --- Emissions trading --- Greenhouse gases --- Revenue --- Electric utilities --- South Africa