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Nowadays, there is great pressure on energy conservation and emission reduction. In order to achieve these goals, weight reduction in manufacturing fields, such as the vehicle, marine, and aerospace industries, and microelectromechanical systems is the major trend. Although some structures and parts that require special properties and service conditions must use ferrous materials such as steels due to their superior thermal and wear resistance, there is a desperate need to replace these alloys with non-ferrous materials such as Al alloys, Mg alloys, Ti-based alloys, Cu alloys, and others in order to decrease the operational and maintenance costs. Recently, many new material processing techniques, i.e., irradiation, cryogenic rolling, wet chemical method, induction sintering, liquid/solid casting, heat treatment, electromagnetic hot forming, and five-axis flank milling, have been developed to enhance the performance of non-ferrous materials. Excellent work hardening, fracture toughness, mechanical properties, magnetic properties, and wear resistance could be realized depending on the appropriate application of these new technologies. This Special Issue covers these topics and focuses on the process-structure-properties relationships of high-performance non-ferrous materials.

Technology. --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Science --- Industrial arts --- Material culture

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In order to compete in the modern world, any society today must rank education in science, mathematics, & technology as one of its highest priorities. It's a sad but true fact, however, that most Americans are not scientifically literate. International studies of educational performance reveal that US students consistently rank near the bottom in science & mathematics. The latest study of the National Assessment of Educational Progress has found that despite some small gains recently, the average performance of 17-year-olds in 1986 remained lower than it had been in 1969. As the world approaches the 21st century, American schools seem to be stuck in the Victorian age. In this book, F. James Rutherford and Andrew Ahlgren tackle this problem.

Engineering --- Science news. --- Science --- Science. --- Technology. --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Industrial arts --- Material culture --- Natural science --- Natural sciences --- Science of science --- Sciences --- Science education --- Scientific education --- News, Science --- Popularization of science --- Communication in science --- Journalism --- Technical writing --- Study and teaching. --- Popularization

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This book aims to help research practitioners in technology science avoid some of the most common pitfalls or at least make them easier to overcome. Many technology scientists put too little weight on how they conduct their work and should be able to become significantly better at what they do by being more aware of methodological issues. The book differs from other related works in two main respects: First, by focusing on creating, producing, or inventing new artifacts – in other words, technology science. Second, by describing a general approach to technology science linking together specialized research methods. The book consists of 14 chapters. Following the first introductory chapter are two chapters providing the foundation for the rest of the book. These chapters clarify the meaning of key concepts and describe an overall process for technology science. The subsequent chapters 4–11 are about this process. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 concern problem analysis, research planning, and hypothesis formulation. The following five chapters then aim at evaluation. Chapter 7 introduces the concept of prediction, which plays a fundamental role in evaluating hypotheses. Chapters 8–10 address the evaluation of universal, existential, and statistical hypotheses. Chapter 11 concerns quality assurance and introduces the concepts of validity and reliability. Next, in chapters 12 and 13, we address publishing with an emphasis on the specifics of technology science. Eventually the last chapter, chapter 14, briefly introduces the philosophy of science. The book systematically collects in the form of suggestions, recommendations, and guidelines the author’s 35-year experience as a researcher, author and reviewer in technology science. It is written for anyone working in technology science, from master’s students to researchers and supervisors.

Research—Methodology. --- Computers. --- Science—Moral and ethical aspects. --- Technology—Moral and ethical aspects. --- Research Skills. --- Computing Milieux. --- Science Ethics. --- Ethics of Technology. --- Automatic computers --- Automatic data processors --- Computer hardware --- Computing machines (Computers) --- Electronic brains --- Electronic calculating-machines --- Electronic computers --- Hardware, Computer --- Computer systems --- Cybernetics --- Machine theory --- Calculators --- Cyberspace --- Technology. --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Science --- Industrial arts --- Material culture

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This open access book offers new insights into the Venetian physician Sanctorius Sanctorius (1561–1636) and into the origins of quantification in medicine. At the turn of the seventeenth century, Sanctorius developed instruments to measure and quantify physiological change. As trivial as the quantitative assessment of health issues might seem to us today – in times of fitness trackers and smart watches – it was highly innovative at that time. With his instruments, Sanctorius introduced quantitative research into the field of physiology. Historical accounts of Sanctorius and his work tend to tell the story of a genius who, almost out of the blue, invented a new medical science, based on measurement and quantification, that profoundly influenced modernity. Abandoning the “genius narrative,” this book examines Sanctorius and his work in the broader perspective of processes of knowledge transformation in early modern medicine. It is the first systematic study to include the entire range of the physician’s intellectual and practical activities. Adopting a material culture perspective, the research draws on the contemporary reconstruction of Sanctorius’s most famous instrument: the Sanctorian weighing chair. And here it departs from past studies that focus mainly on Sanctorius’s thinking rather than on his making and doing. The book also re-evaluates Sanctorius’s role in the wider process of the early transformation of medical culture in the early modern period, a process that ultimately led to the abandonment of Galenic medicine and to the introduction of a new medical science, based on the use of quantification and measurement in medical research. The book is therefore an important contribution to the history of medicine and historical epistemology aimed at historians of science and philosophy.

Science—History. --- Science—Philosophy. --- Medicine—History. --- Technology. --- History. --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- History of Science. --- Philosophy of Science. --- History of Medicine. --- History of Technology. --- Epistemology. --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Science --- Industrial arts --- Material culture

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This volume collects contributions on leading figures in mechanism and machine science (MMS) from Spain and Ibero-America over the last two centuries. The contributions examine scientists whose work resulted in relevant technical-scientific achievements, with an impact on technology and science in the historical evolution of MMS fields, and with an influence on the development of society at large. Biographical notes describing the efforts and achievements of these persons are included as well, but a technical survey is the core of each chapter, offering a modern interpretation of their legacy.

Mechanical engineering. --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering --- Machinery --- Steam engineering --- Machinery. --- Science—History. --- Technology. --- History. --- Machinery and Machine Elements. --- History of Science. --- History of Technology. --- Applied science --- Arts, Useful --- Science, Applied --- Useful arts --- Science --- Industrial arts --- Material culture --- Machines --- Manufactures --- Power (Mechanics) --- Technology --- Mechanical engineering --- Motors --- Power transmission --- Curious devices