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Les cristaux liquides sont des substances qui présentent un ou plusieurs états de la matière intermédiaires entre le solide cristallin et le liquide usuel. Ces états cristaux-liquides se caractérisent par les organisations spécifiques à l'échelle microscopique de leurs constituants : molécules, polymères, nanoparticules... Les cristaux liquides se retrouvent fréquemment dans la vie courante, par exemple dans les dispositifs d'affichage, détergents, matériaux composites, structures biologiques. Ils font l'objet d'une recherche active dont l'un des buts est de déterminer leur structure pour les identifier. Ces études structurales sont le plus souvent effectuées par diffusion de rayonnements, en particulier de rayons X. C'est cette diffusion de rayons X qui fait l'objet de cet ouvrage, qui comporte deux tomes. Le premier tome présentait une introduction aux notions fondamentales de diffusion de rayonnement et décrivait en détail l'état cristal-liquide le plus courant, appelé "nématique". Ce second tome est consacré à des états cristaux-liquides plus ordonnés dans lesquels les constituants possèdent, outre l'ordre d'orientation, un ordre de position. Suivant que cet ordre de position se développe dans une, deux ou trois dimensions de l'espace, ces états cristaux-liquides sont respectivement appelés "smectiques", "colonnaires" ou "réseaux tridimensionnels de défauts". Une première partie (la troisième de l'ouvrage) traite des états smectiques, des plus organisés, très proches des cristaux usuels, aux plus désordonnés, appelés smectiques liquides colonnaires. La dernière partie expose l'étude structurale de réseaux tridimensionnels de défauts : cristaux d'interfaces et réseaux spécifiques des molécules chirales. Enfin, une annexe récapitule l'identification par diffusion de rayons X des nombreuses structures des cristaux liquides et une autre en propose une classification uniquement basée sur les propriétés de symétrie.
Liquid crystals. --- X-rays --- Cristaux liquides. --- Rayons X --- Diffraction. --- Diffraction.
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X-ray spectroscopy.. --- X-ray microanalysis. --- Microprobe analysis --- Emission spectroscopy, X-ray --- Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy --- Excitation analysis, Fluorescent --- Fluorescence analysis, X-ray --- Fluorescent excitation analysis --- Fluorescent x-ray spectroscopy --- X-ray emission spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence analysis --- XES (X-ray emission spectroscopy) --- Spectrum analysis
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States (US). The majority of lung cancers are diagnosed at advanced stages but with the advent of lung cancer screening, the number of individuals diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer has continued to rise. Within the Veterans Health Administration (VA), approximately 8,000 Veterans are diagnosed with and treated for lung cancer every year. Surgery, including lobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge resection, and sleeve resection with or without the use of minimally invasive approaches, has been considered the standard of care for individuals with early-stage lung cancer who are deemed to be medically operable. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) are frequently offered to individuals considered to be medically inoperable for various reasons (due to advanced age or with comorbidities that place them at high risk for severe perioperative complications). Promising results with SBRT/SABR in patients deemed to be medically inoperable have led to studies evaluating the efficacy and long-term outcomes of this therapy as an alternative to surgery in medically operable patients. These results raise questions about definitive treatment options for early-stage lung cancer. This review addresses important questions regarding the comparative effectiveness of surgery versus SBRT/SABR as well as the current body of evidence for ablative therapies such as radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, microwave ablation, laser ablation, and brachytherapy in the management of medically operable stage I lung cancer. This topic was nominated by the National Radiation Oncology Program. Additionally, this review provides the background rationale for an ongoing VA Cooperative Study, a randomized trial of surgery versus SBRT (NCT02984761). Findings will be used to inform use of treatment modalities in patients with stage I lung cancer who are deemed medically operable.
X-rays --- Medical radiology. --- Therapeutic use.
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Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States (US). The majority of lung cancers are diagnosed at advanced stages but with the advent of lung cancer screening, the number of individuals diagnosed with early-stage lung cancer has continued to rise. Within the Veterans Health Administration (VA), approximately 8,000 Veterans are diagnosed with and treated for lung cancer every year. Surgery, including lobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge resection, and sleeve resection with or without the use of minimally invasive approaches, has been considered the standard of care for individuals with early-stage lung cancer who are deemed to be medically operable. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) are frequently offered to individuals considered to be medically inoperable for various reasons (due to advanced age or with comorbidities that place them at high risk for severe perioperative complications). Promising results with SBRT/SABR in patients deemed to be medically inoperable have led to studies evaluating the efficacy and long-term outcomes of this therapy as an alternative to surgery in medically operable patients. These results raise questions about definitive treatment options for early-stage lung cancer. This review addresses important questions regarding the comparative effectiveness of surgery versus SBRT/SABR as well as the current body of evidence for ablative therapies such as radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, microwave ablation, laser ablation, and brachytherapy in the management of medically operable stage I lung cancer. This topic was nominated by the National Radiation Oncology Program. Additionally, this review provides the background rationale for an ongoing VA Cooperative Study, a randomized trial of surgery versus SBRT (NCT02984761). Findings will be used to inform use of treatment modalities in patients with stage I lung cancer who are deemed medically operable.
X-rays --- Medical radiology. --- Therapeutic use.
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"Je m'appelle Mike. Il y a tellement de choses que je voudrais dire, mais on ne m'écoute pas. Alors, ma maman a eu l'idée de prendre la parole pour moi, afin de vous raconter toute la richesse que ma différence implique. Contrairement à ce qu'on peut penser, la nature nous a peut-être privés de quelque chose, mais en retour, elle nous offre tellement…" Le fils d'Emilie Weight a 2 ans lorsqu'il est diagnostiqué X fragile, une maladie génétique rare et méconnue, première cause de déficience intellectuelle héréditaire. A travers cette BD illustrée par Korrig'Anne, sa mère nous livre un témoignage engagé et poignant sur le quotidien de son fils, son amour pour lui, la fierté qu'il lui inspire, et tous les apprentissages qu'il lui apporte, pour changer le regard sur la différence.
Déficience intellectuelle --- Syndrome de l'X fragile --- Discrimination --- Bandes dessinées --- Fragile X Syndrome --- Intellectual Disability
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NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA's XMM-Newton Observatory have been the pioneering satellites for studying the Universe with X-rays and the cornerstone of X-ray spectroscopy since their launches more than 20 years ago. The onboard gratings provide us a unique opportunity to distinguish individual spectral lines from different atoms thanks to their high energy resolutions. Enormous discoveries have been achieved by these two missions when observing a variety of X-ray-emitting astronomical objects, such as black holes, supernova remnants, clusters of galaxies, and stars. However, the data are limited to fairly bright X-ray sources. The recent JAXA's mission Hitomi opened a new window of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy thanks to its onboard X-ray calorimeter. Although this mission was shortly terminated due to a mishap, Hitomi left behind a few sets of observations awaiting more data mining. The first half of this book introduces the history of high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy and different generations of X-ray spectrometers. A tutorial guide on how to reduce, analyze, and understand the astronomical data from Chandra, XMM-Newton, and Hitomi is also included. The second half of the book reviews past results obtained by the high-resolution spectrometers on these missions on multiple topics and discusses possible discoveries by upcoming missions in the next decade.
X-ray spectroscopy. --- Astronomy --- Measurement. --- Measuring instruments. --- Astrophysics. --- X-Ray Spectroscopy. --- Astronomy, Observations and Techniques. --- Measurement Science and Instrumentation. --- Observations. --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Instruments, Measuring --- Measurement --- Measuring tools --- Scientific apparatus and instruments --- Measuring --- Mensuration --- Mathematics --- Technology --- Metrology --- Physical measurements --- Emission spectroscopy, X-ray --- Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy --- Excitation analysis, Fluorescent --- Fluorescence analysis, X-ray --- Fluorescent excitation analysis --- Fluorescent x-ray spectroscopy --- X-ray emission spectroscopy --- X-ray fluorescence analysis --- XES (X-ray emission spectroscopy) --- Spectrum analysis --- Instruments
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Small Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering with Applications to Geomaterials provides techniques for the analysis of geomaterials, which is of great significance for humans because geomaterials are related to earthquake, resource development, underground spaces, carbon dioxide storage, and more. The book introduces the fundamental theory of small angle X-ray and neutron scattering and covers pore accessibility characterization for natural rocks from four aspects, including quantitative evaluation of pore structure heterogeneity and anisotropy, quantification of pore modification in coals due to pulverization, estimation and modeling of coal pore accessibility, and nanoscale coal deformation and alteration of porosity and pore orientation under uniaxial compression.
Rocks --- Small-angle x-ray scattering. --- Neutrons --- Analysis. --- Scattering.
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"This book explores frontier issues concerning the localization of Marxism in China by examining historical processes, cultural implications, and contemporary perspectives on this process of indigenization. Emerging in the 1840s in Germany, Marxism has evolved from a German, European and Western idea into a Chinese, Asian and Eastern one. This title seeks to answer the question of how Marxism has been adapted to the Chinese context and how it migrated the regions. The first three chapters chart the history of the dissemination of Marxism to adapt to Chinese conditions across three periods - revolutionary times before 1949, the period of socialist construction after 1949, and the reform and opening-up since 1978. The subsequent two chapters analyze the experience of the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, featuring synergistic integration with traditional Chinese culture and the combining of the basic principles of Marxism and China's real life situation. The final chapter advances suggestions on how to further promote the localization of Marxism and how to develop contemporary Chinese Marxism, faced with new historical conditions. The book will appeal to scholars, students, and general readers interested in contemporary Marxism, Marxism in China, and contemporary Chinese history, politics, and society"--
Socialism |z China |x History. --- Socialism. --- China --- History. --- Socialism
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This book will provide readers with a good overview of some of most recent advances in the field of CT technology for X-ray medical imaging, especially as it pertains to new detectors. There will be a good mixture of general chapters in both technology and applications in medical imaging and industrial testing. The book will have an in-depth review of the research topics from world-leading specialists in the field. The conversion of the X-ray signal into analogue/digital value will be covered in some chapters. The authors also provide a review of CMOS chips for X-ray image sensors. Covers a broad range of topics, including an introduction to novel spectral Computed Tomography; Includes in-depth analysis on how to optimize X-ray detection; Discusses analysis of electronics for X-ray detection.
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