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Book
Year: 2023 Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research
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Book
Year: 2023 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research
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Several strands of research document the life-cycle impacts of lead exposure during the critical period of children's development. Yet little is known about long-run effects of lead exposure during early-life on old-age mortality outcomes. This study exploits the staggered installation of water systems across 761 cities in the US over the first decades of the 20th century combined with cross-city differences in materials used in water pipelines to identify lead and non-lead cities. An event-study analysis suggests that the impacts are more concentrated on children exposed during in-utero up to age 10. The results of difference-in-difference analysis suggests an intent-to-treat effect of 2.7 months reduction in old-age longevity for fully exposed cohorts. A heterogeneity analysis reveals effects that are 3.5 and 2 times larger among the nonwhite subpopulation and low socioeconomic status families, respectively. We also find reductions in education and socioeconomic standing during early adulthood as candidate mechanism. Finally, we employ WWII enlistment data and observe reductions in height-for-age among lead-exposed cohorts.
Book
Year: 2023 Publisher: Cambridge, Mass. National Bureau of Economic Research
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The causal effects of fertility are a central focus in the social sciences, but the analysis is challenged by the endogeneity of fertility choices. Earlier work has proposed several "natural experiments" from twin births or gender composition of earlier births to assess whether having more children affects adults' outcomes, though there are limitations to using rare (twins) and weak (gender composition) instrumental variables for fertility. This paper proposes a new "natural experiment" approach to assessing the causal effects of fertility by measuring the combination of couples' genetics in predicting fertility--a dyadic genetic instrumental variable, where the key idea (exclusion restriction) is that the interactions of the couple's genetics that shift the likelihood of fertility is unknown to the couples. We use a nationally representative sample of couples to examine the long-lasting effects of fertility on older adults' life outcomes, including labor market outcomes, personality traits, and subjective wellbeing. We find that fertility reduces females' extraversion and years of working and some evidence indicates that fertility reduces both males' and females' lifetime number of jobs worked.
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