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Polemology --- USA

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Exploring how the United States manages its still-powerful nuclear arsenal arms control agreements and the end of the cold war have made the prospect of nuclear war a distant fear for the general public. But the United States and its principle rivals China and Russia still maintain sizable arsenals of nuclear weapons, along with the systems for managing them and using them if that terrible day ever comes. Understanding U.S. Nuclear Operations describes how the United States manages its nuclear forces, focusing on how theories and policies are put into practice. It addresses such questions as: What have been the guiding priorities of U.S. nuclear strategy since the end of the cold war? What nuclear attack options would the President have during a war? How are these war plans developed and reviewed by civilian and military leaders? How would presidential orders be conveyed to the uniformed men and women who are entrusted with U.S. nuclear weapons systems? And are these communications systems and supporting capabilities vulnerable to disruption or attack? The answers to such questions depend on the process by which national strategy for nuclear deterrence, developed by civilian leaders, is converted into nuclear war plans and the entire range of procedures for implementing those plans if necessary. The authors of the book's chapters have extensive experience in government, the armed forces, and the analytic community. Drawing on their firsthand knowledge, as well as the public record, they provide unique, authoritative accounts of how the United States manages it nuclear forces today. This book will be of interest to the national security community, particularly younger experts who did not grow up in the nuclear-centric milieu of the cold war. Any national security analyst, professional or government staffer aiming to learn more about nuclear modernization policy and the U.S. nuclear arsenal should be interested in this book. It should also be of interest to professors and students who want a deep understanding of U.S. nuclear policy.

NUCLEAR WEAPONS--USA --- USA--STRATEGIC ASPECTS --- NUCLEAR CRISIS CONTROL--USA --- USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS

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War has come back in Europe, and NATO stands at the forefront of the response to Russia's aggression of Ukraine. But how does NATO function? How do NATO member states perceive and act through the Atlantic Alliance? And, in the end, how do states shape NATO's cohesion and relevance in the face of threats? The Nations of NATO is concerned with national policies within the Atlantic Alliance. It examines the foreign policies of sixteen allies, looking inter alia at their strategic cultures, relationship with the United States, contributions to NATO operations, levels of defence spending, domestic challenges, and decision-making processes. The recent Ukraine crisis has not doubt reinvigorated NATO as a military alliance. Yet, over the past decade, the Alliance has also been affected by a number of challenges, both endogenous and exogenous. Whether the Alliance is threatened from the outside (Russia, terrorism, China) or is being undermined from within (intra-Alliance politics, diverging threat perceptions) has become an increasingly debated issue. The degree of adaptation of the Alliance to evolving threats has also been at stake. At the heart of these debates are NATO allies' policies, preferences, threat perceptions, and level of commitment to the shared enterprise.

NATO --- NATO--TURKEY --- NATO--USA --- NATO--FRANCE

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Overseas military bases have been the bedrock of the United States' ability to project military power, exert political influence and deter potential adversaries since the Second World War. But fatigue with America's forever wars', as well as more nuanced financial and strategic reasons, has inclined the public and policy community to favour reducing US global military activities and overseas presence. In this Adelphi book, Jonathan Stevenson argues that this desire does not necessarily translate into sound strategy. Overseas bases are a key element of the reassurance required to resurrect and bolster America's reputation among its allies and adversaries. Meanwhile, strategic imperatives and geopolitical realities impose restraints in every theatre. The fluidity prevailing in the Middle East and Indo-Pacific counsels maintaining forward-deployed forces there at roughly the current level. Russia's confrontational posture towards NATO and invasion of Ukraine, as well as NATO's short- and medium-term reliance on US capabilities, require the American presence in Europe to increase and expand eastward. The US should not commit itself to a foreign policy that is heavy on forward-deployed military power and light on diplomacy. But paradoxically, reducing forward military presence may not be consistent with a policy that is less focused on military power as a means of achieving stability and security.

MILITARY BASES, AMERICAN --- USA--MILITARY RELATIONS --- USA--FOREIGN RELATIONS --- DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

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Die Publikation überdenkt die Klimakontrolle – ein zentrales Anliegen der Architektur – aus der Perspektive städtischer Klimaphänomene im Laufe des 20. Jahrhunderts. Ausgehend von der Geschichte der urbanen Klimakontrolle fördert sie die Integration von Innen- und Außenräumen, um die Umwelt- und Wärmebelastung zu verringern. Genauso wie die Heiz- und Kühlpraktiken innerhalb der Gebäude das (Stadt-)Klima beeinflussen, wirken sich städtische Wärmeinseln auf den Energiebedarf und die thermischen Bedingungen innerhalb der Gebäude aus. Während sich der erste Teil des Buches auf die Zwischenkriegszeit in Europa konzentriert, werden im zweiten Teil Beispiele aus der ganzen Welt bis ins späte 20. Jahrhunderts betrachtet, um die wachsende Bedeutung des ökologischen Denkens für die Stadtgestaltung nachzuzeichnen. The publication rethinks climate control – a key concern of the discipline of architecture – through the lens of city climate phenomena over the course of the 20th century. Based on a history of climate control on urban scales, it promotes the integration of indoors and outdoors in order to reduce environmental and thermal loads in cities. Just as heating and cooling practices inside the buildings are affecting the (urban) climate outdoors, urban heat islands are influencing the energy requirements and thermal conditions inside the buildings.While the first part of the book focuses on the interwar period in Europe, the publication’s second part considers examples from all over the globe, tracing the growing significance of ecological thinking for the design of urban environments.

ARCHITECTURE / Study & Teaching. --- 20th century. --- Europe. --- USA. --- Urbansim. --- micro climate.