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This book surveys the science at a semipopular, Scientific American-level. It is even-handed with regard to competing directions of research and philosophical positions. It is hard to get even two people to agree on anything, yet a million billion water molecules can suddenly and abruptly coordinate to lock themselves into an ice crystal or liberate one another to billow outwards as steam. The marvelous self-organizing capacity of matter is one of the central and deepest puzzles of physics, with implications for all the natural sciences. Physicists in the past century have found a remarkable diversity of phases of matter-and equally remarkable commonalities within that diversity. The pace of discovery has, if anything, only quickened in recent years with the appreciation of quantum phases of matter and so-called topological order. The study of seemingly humdrum materials has made contact with the more exotic realm of quantum gravity, as theorists realize that the spacetime continuum may itself be a phase of some deeper and still unknown constituents. These developments flesh out the sometimes vague concept of the emergence-how exactly it is that complexity begets simplicity.
Solid state physics --- Geophysics --- zwaartekracht --- fysica --- Condensed matter. --- Quantum gravity. --- Topological insulators.
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This book presents the observation and the control of spin-polarized electrons in Rashba thin films and topological insulators, including the first observations of a weak topological insulator (WTI) and a higher-order topological insulator (HOTI) in bismuth halides. It begins with a general review of electronic structures at the solid surface and mentions that an electron spin at a surface is polarized due to the Rashba effect or topological insulator states with strong spin-orbit coupling. Subsequently it describes the experimental techniques used to study these effects, that is, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Further it moves its focus onto the experimental investigations, in which mainly two different systems-noble metal thin films with the Rashba effects and bismuth halides topological insulators-are used. The study of the first system discusses the role of wavefunctions in spin-splitting and demonstrates a scaling law for the Rashba effect in quantum well films for the first time. High-resolution spin-resolved ARPES plays a vital role in systematically trace the thickness-evolution of the effect. The study of the latter material is the first experimental demonstration of both a WTI and HOTI state in bismuth iodide and bismuth bromide, respectively. Importantly, nano-ARPES with high spatial resolution is used to confirm the topological surface states on the side surface of the crystal, which is the hallmark of WTIs. The description of the basic and recently-developed ARPES technique with spin-resolution or spatial-resolution, essential in investigating spin-polarized electrons at a crystal surface, makes the book a valuable source for researchers not only in surface physics or topological materials but also in spintronics and other condensed-matter physics.
Physics --- Surface chemistry --- Electronics --- oppervlakte-onderzoek --- elektronica --- Thin films. --- Nuclear spin. --- Topological insulators.
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This book presents experimental studies on emergent transport and magneto-optical properties in three-dimensional topological insulators with two-dimensional Dirac fermions on their surfaces. Designing magnetic heterostructures utilizing a cutting-edge growth technique (molecular beam epitaxy) stabilizes and manifests new quantization phenomena, as confirmed by low-temperature electrical transport and time-domain terahertz magneto-optical measurements. Starting with a review of the theoretical background and recent experimental advances in topological insulators in terms of a novel magneto-electric coupling, the author subsequently explores their magnetic quantum properties and reveals topological phase transitions between quantum anomalous Hall insulator and trivial insulator phases; a new topological phase (the axion insulator); and a half-integer quantum Hall state associated with the quantum parity anomaly. Furthermore, the author shows how these quantum phases can be significantly stabilized via magnetic modulation doping and proximity coupling with a normal ferromagnetic insulator. These findings provide a basis for future technologies such as ultra-low energy consumption electronic devices and fault-tolerant topological quantum computers.
Magnetooptics. --- Topological insulators. --- Insulators, Topological --- Electric insulators and insulation --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Magneto-optical effects --- Magneto-optics --- Magnetooptical effects --- Optical phenomena, Influence of magnetism on --- Optics --- Materials
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Thin films. --- Nuclear spin. --- Topological insulators. --- Films, Thin --- Solid film --- Solid state electronics --- Solids --- Surfaces (Technology) --- Coatings --- Thick films --- Insulators, Topological --- Electric insulators and insulation --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Spin, Nuclear --- Angular momentum (Nuclear physics) --- Nuclear physics --- Materials
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Condensed matter. --- Quantum gravity. --- Topological insulators. --- Insulators, Topological --- Electric insulators and insulation --- Electronic apparatus and appliances --- Gravity, Quantum --- General relativity (Physics) --- Gravitation --- Quantum theory --- Condensed materials --- Condensed media --- Condensed phase --- Materials, Condensed --- Media, Condensed --- Phase, Condensed --- Liquids --- Matter --- Solids --- Materials
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The present collection of articles focuses on different aspects of topological-materials studies. Recent progress in both, theoretical and experimental, studies is covered in this Special Issue. A particular stress is given on different optical investigations, as well as on recent band-structure calculations. Besides, neutron scattering experiments, crystal growth, and a number of theoretical models for different topological systems are discussed.
Research & information: general --- Physics --- topological insulators --- optical conductivity --- Dirac materials --- Weyl nodes --- screw rotation symmetry --- line node --- space group 19 --- space group 61 --- cyclotron resonance --- crystal growth --- optical floating zone method --- SmB6 --- Sm1-xCexB6 --- topological insulator --- kondo insulator --- topology --- chirality --- multifold semimetal --- optics --- DFT --- topological semimetal --- cobalt monosilicide --- mechanical deformation --- quantum anomalous Hall effect --- Faraday rotation --- terahertz spectroscopy --- inelastic neutron scattering --- topological materials --- anomalous Hall effect --- isotropic ferromagnet --- kagome --- frustrated magnetism --- skyrmion --- magnetization --- optical-conductivity scaling --- topological semimetals --- band structures --- high Chern numbers --- bulk-edge correspondence --- Weyl semimetals --- band-structure calculations --- optical response --- n/a
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The present collection of articles focuses on different aspects of topological-materials studies. Recent progress in both, theoretical and experimental, studies is covered in this Special Issue. A particular stress is given on different optical investigations, as well as on recent band-structure calculations. Besides, neutron scattering experiments, crystal growth, and a number of theoretical models for different topological systems are discussed.
topological insulators --- optical conductivity --- Dirac materials --- Weyl nodes --- screw rotation symmetry --- line node --- space group 19 --- space group 61 --- cyclotron resonance --- crystal growth --- optical floating zone method --- SmB6 --- Sm1-xCexB6 --- topological insulator --- kondo insulator --- topology --- chirality --- multifold semimetal --- optics --- DFT --- topological semimetal --- cobalt monosilicide --- mechanical deformation --- quantum anomalous Hall effect --- Faraday rotation --- terahertz spectroscopy --- inelastic neutron scattering --- topological materials --- anomalous Hall effect --- isotropic ferromagnet --- kagome --- frustrated magnetism --- skyrmion --- magnetization --- optical-conductivity scaling --- topological semimetals --- band structures --- high Chern numbers --- bulk-edge correspondence --- Weyl semimetals --- band-structure calculations --- optical response --- n/a
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The present collection of articles focuses on different aspects of topological-materials studies. Recent progress in both, theoretical and experimental, studies is covered in this Special Issue. A particular stress is given on different optical investigations, as well as on recent band-structure calculations. Besides, neutron scattering experiments, crystal growth, and a number of theoretical models for different topological systems are discussed.
Research & information: general --- Physics --- topological insulators --- optical conductivity --- Dirac materials --- Weyl nodes --- screw rotation symmetry --- line node --- space group 19 --- space group 61 --- cyclotron resonance --- crystal growth --- optical floating zone method --- SmB6 --- Sm1-xCexB6 --- topological insulator --- kondo insulator --- topology --- chirality --- multifold semimetal --- optics --- DFT --- topological semimetal --- cobalt monosilicide --- mechanical deformation --- quantum anomalous Hall effect --- Faraday rotation --- terahertz spectroscopy --- inelastic neutron scattering --- topological materials --- anomalous Hall effect --- isotropic ferromagnet --- kagome --- frustrated magnetism --- skyrmion --- magnetization --- optical-conductivity scaling --- topological semimetals --- band structures --- high Chern numbers --- bulk-edge correspondence --- Weyl semimetals --- band-structure calculations --- optical response --- topological insulators --- optical conductivity --- Dirac materials --- Weyl nodes --- screw rotation symmetry --- line node --- space group 19 --- space group 61 --- cyclotron resonance --- crystal growth --- optical floating zone method --- SmB6 --- Sm1-xCexB6 --- topological insulator --- kondo insulator --- topology --- chirality --- multifold semimetal --- optics --- DFT --- topological semimetal --- cobalt monosilicide --- mechanical deformation --- quantum anomalous Hall effect --- Faraday rotation --- terahertz spectroscopy --- inelastic neutron scattering --- topological materials --- anomalous Hall effect --- isotropic ferromagnet --- kagome --- frustrated magnetism --- skyrmion --- magnetization --- optical-conductivity scaling --- topological semimetals --- band structures --- high Chern numbers --- bulk-edge correspondence --- Weyl semimetals --- band-structure calculations --- optical response
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