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Several problems related to violence, grievances, and states’ lack of legitimacy and capacity to manage economic, social, and political issues are clustered together as an interactive structure in the Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) region. The effect of one of these problems is difficult to identify in the absence of analyses of the others. Global generalisations on the effects of these problems can bring us closer to the understanding of state fragility and the associated problems in the MENA region, although the study of MENA specifically also reveals region- and sub-region-specific features. Some of them pertain to the MENA region only, whereas others help develop the understanding and sophistication of global generalisations. This book offers a much-needed overview and several explanations on the otherwise confusing triangular problems of state fragility, grievance, and conflict, focusing on one of the conflict hotspots of the world. It compiles expertise on the triangular relationship between fragility, grievances, and conflict of an international MENA Social Policy Network. In addition to the analyses, two datasets are referenced, on which some of the book’s chapters are based.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- state fragility --- conflict --- MENA --- Middle East --- failed states --- weak states --- conflict fatalities --- corruption --- informal employment --- social security --- state effectiveness --- Maghreb countries --- individual preferences --- discrete choice model --- Arab Spring --- participation --- protesting --- probit model --- Iraq --- terrorism --- violent extremism --- Social Identity --- threat --- fragmentation --- grievances --- Shia --- Sunni --- factionalism --- rebel governance --- Hamas --- Gaza --- Palestine --- informal institutions --- social contract --- social protection --- Middle East and North Africa --- state–society relations --- protection --- provision --- government legitimacy --- service delivery --- state legitimacy --- social policy --- social expenditure --- mediation --- PH theory --- Israel --- ripeness --- subsidy reform --- Middle East and North Africa (MENA) --- Morocco --- Egypt --- Iran --- political participation --- n/a --- state-society relations

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"What is the relationship between politics and morality? Should politicians violate moral constraints to achieve greater goods or to avoid disasters? Is it always wrong for politicians to lie and deceive? In Political Ethics: A Handbook, edited by Andrew Sabl and Edward Hall, a collection of leading experts in the field of political ethics offer an introduction to the key issues in this rapidly growing subfield of political theory. The essays cover a broad range of topics and themes relevant to stable democracies around the world, including the ethics of lobbying, leadership, partisanship, secrecy and whistleblowing, the role of representatives, compromise, emergency powers, political activism, public administration, and political corruption. These essays are written at a level accessible to undergraduates, as well as advanced scholars seeking scholarly introductions to the topics covered. Ultimately, the book considers how to evaluate political conduct from a realistic but ethically demanding standpoint, and offers a clear-eyed analysis of the ethical challenges inherent in political life in the twenty-first century"--

Political ethics. --- A Critique of Pure Tolerance. --- Abuse of power. --- Accountability. --- Activism. --- Attempt. --- Authoritarianism. --- Big lie. --- Bribery. --- Bully pulpit. --- Business ethics. --- Censure. --- Citizens (Spanish political party). --- Civil disobedience. --- Civil service. --- Classified information. --- Climate change denial. --- Common good. --- Consequentialism. --- Consideration. --- Conspiracy theory. --- Corruption. --- Crisis management. --- Cronyism. --- Cruel and unusual punishment. --- Decisionism. --- Deliberation. --- Demagogue. --- Denunciation. --- Deontological ethics. --- Despotism. --- Dictatorship. --- Dirty hands. --- Disparagement. --- Electoral fraud. --- Elitism. --- Ethical dilemma. --- Ethics. --- Externality. --- Fraud. --- Freedom of speech. --- Good and evil. --- Governance. --- Homo sacer. --- Impasse. --- Impose. --- Impunity. --- Individual and group rights. --- Individualism. --- Information asymmetry. --- Injunction. --- Institution. --- John Rawls. --- Judiciary. --- Kleptocracy. --- Legitimacy (political). --- Lobbying. --- Misconduct. --- Misfeasance. --- Moral blindness. --- Moral luck. --- Morality. --- Necessity. --- Nonviolence. --- Obligation. --- Opportunism. --- Oppression. --- Paternalism. --- Pessimism. --- Plausible deniability. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Precommitment. --- Profession. --- Public administration. --- Public reason. --- Public sphere. --- Pundit. --- Reactionary. --- Realpolitik. --- Reasonable person. --- Representative democracy. --- Reprisal. --- Right-wing politics. --- Rubber stamp (politics). --- Rule of law. --- SPEECH Act. --- Social dilemma. --- Sovereignty. --- Standing (law). --- State actor. --- State capture. --- State of exception. --- Subsidy. --- Toleration. --- Torture. --- Utilitarianism. --- Voting. --- Whistleblower. --- Whistleblowing. --- Wrongdoing.

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A comprehensive framework for understanding species coexistenceCoexistence is the central concept in community ecology, but an understanding of this concept requires that we study the actual mechanisms of species interactions. Coexistence in Ecology examines the major features of these mechanisms for species that coexist at different positions in complex food webs and derives empirical tests from model predictions.Mark McPeek explores the various challenges species face by systematically building a model food web, beginning with an ecosystem devoid of life and then adding one species at a time. With the introduction of each new species, he evaluates the properties it must possess to invade a community and quantifies the changes in the abundances of other species that result from a successful invasion. McPeek continues this process until he achieves a multi-trophic level food web with many species coexisting at each trophic level, from omnivores, mutualists, and pathogens to herbivores, carnivores, and basic plants. He then describes the observational and experimental empirical studies that can test the theoretical predictions resulting from the model analyses.Synthesizing decades of theoretical research in community ecology, Coexistence in Ecology offers new perspectives on how to develop an empirical program of study rooted in the natural histories of species and the mechanisms by which they actually interact with one another.

Biotic communities. --- Coexistence of species. --- Ecology. --- Abiotic component. --- Allee effect. --- Allelopathy. --- Alternative stable state. --- Apex predator. --- Autocorrelation. --- Biodiversity loss. --- Biological interaction. --- Carrying capacity. --- Cascade effect (ecology). --- Chemostat. --- Coexistence theory. --- Commensalism. --- Common Resource. --- Common species. --- Community structure. --- Competition. --- Consumer. --- Correlation does not imply causation. --- Cuisine. --- Density dependence. --- Disenchantment. --- Ecosystem. --- Environmental gradient. --- Eutrophication. --- Extinction debt. --- Fecundity. --- Food chain. --- Food web. --- Foraging. --- Functional response. --- Genetic drift. --- Habitat fragmentation. --- Herbivore. --- Heterotroph. --- Hydra effect. --- Ideal free distribution. --- Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis. --- Interspecific competition. --- Intraguild predation. --- Intraspecific competition. --- Invasive species. --- Isocline. --- Job security. --- Key demographic. --- Keystone species. --- Limit cycle. --- Limiting factor. --- Local extinction. --- Lotka–Volterra equations. --- Metacommunity. --- Metapopulation. --- Mixed economy. --- Model organism. --- Mortality rate. --- Mutualism (biology). --- Natural selection. --- Niche differentiation. --- Nutrient. --- Observational study. --- Omnivore. --- Optimal foraging theory. --- Overexploitation. --- Pairwise comparison. --- Paradox of enrichment. --- Paradox of the plankton. --- Parasitism. --- Pathogen. --- Pest control. --- Phenotypic trait. --- Phytoplankton. --- Population cycle. --- Population dynamics. --- Population growth. --- Pragmatism. --- Predation. --- Predator satiation. --- Price controls. --- Priority effect. --- Quadrat. --- Racial segregation. --- Racism. --- Ranking (information retrieval). --- Resource depletion. --- Speciation (genetic algorithm). --- Species complex. --- Species diversity. --- Species richness. --- Storage effect. --- Subsidy. --- Superiority (short story). --- Theoretical ecology. --- Trade-off. --- Trophic cascade. --- Trophic level. --- Utilization. --- Vitamin. --- Working hypothesis. --- Zooplankton.

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"Why higher education is not a silver bullet for eradicating economic inequality and social injustice. We often think that a college degree will open doors to opportunity regardless of one's background or upbringing. In this eye-opening book, two of today's leading economists argue that higher education alone cannot overcome the lasting effects of inequality that continue to plague us, and offer sensible solutions for building a more just and equitable society. Sandy Baum and Michael McPherson document the starkly different educational and social environments in which children of different races and economic backgrounds grow up, and explain why social equity requires sustained efforts to provide the broadest possible access to high-quality early childhood and k-12 education. They dismiss panaceas like eliminating college tuition and replacing the classroom experience with online education, revealing why they fail to provide better education for those who need it most, and discuss how wages in our dysfunctional labor market are sharply skewed toward the highly educated. Baum and McPherson argue that greater investment in the postsecondary institutions that educate most low-income and marginalized students will have a bigger impact than just getting more students from these backgrounds into the most prestigious colleges and universities.While the need for reform extends far beyond our colleges and universities, there is much that both academic and government leaders can do to mitigate the worst consequences of America's deeply seated inequalities. This book shows how we can address the root causes of social injustice and level the playing field for students and families before, during, and after college"-- "Why higher education is not a silver bullet for eradicating economic inequality and social injustice"--

People with social disabilities --- Education (Higher) --- Ability To Pay. --- Academic achievement. --- Academic degree. --- Academic institution. --- Advanced Placement. --- After-Tax Income. --- Aggregate income. --- Alumnus. --- Associate degree. --- Bachelor's degree or higher. --- Bachelor's degree. --- Business development. --- Census tract. --- Child tax credit. --- City University of New York. --- College application. --- College. --- Community college. --- Credential. --- Curriculum. --- Developed country. --- Dual enrollment. --- Economic inequality. --- Economic mobility. --- Economic planning. --- Education in the United States. --- Education. --- Educational attainment. --- Educational technology. --- Equal opportunity. --- Expense account. --- Family income. --- Finance. --- First-Time Home Buyer. --- Funding. --- Further education. --- Future generation. --- Gainful employment. --- Georgia Institute of Technology. --- Grading (education). --- Graduation Rate. --- Graduation. --- Higher education. --- Household. --- Housing authority. --- Housing. --- Human capital. --- Incentive. --- Income distribution. --- Income in the United States. --- Income. --- Innovation. --- Institution. --- Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. --- Investor. --- Labour economics. --- Longitudinal study. --- Marital status. --- Market power. --- Median income. --- National debt of the United States. --- NetworKing. --- Occupational prestige. --- Of Education. --- Ownership (psychology). --- Participation (decision making). --- Payroll. --- Personal finance. --- Philanthropy. --- Positivism. --- Poverty. --- Private school. --- Public university. --- Race and ethnicity in the United States Census. --- Real estate appraisal. --- School. --- Secondary education. --- Secondary school. --- Standard of living. --- Stanford University. --- Strategist. --- Student Grant. --- Student athlete. --- Student benefits. --- Student debt. --- Student loan. --- Student. --- Study abroad. --- Study group. --- Subsidy. --- Supply-side economics. --- Tax. --- Technology. --- The Chronicle of Higher Education. --- Tuition payments. --- Undergraduate education. --- United States Census Bureau. --- University and college admission. --- University. --- Wealth.

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How the urban spectator became the archetypal modern viewer and a central subject in late nineteenth-century French artGawkers explores how artists and writers in late nineteenth-century Paris represented the seductions, horrors, and banalities of street life through the eyes of curious viewers known as badauds. In contrast to the singular and aloof bourgeois flâneur, badauds were passive, collective, instinctive, and highly impressionable. Above all, they were visual, captivated by the sights of everyday life. Beautifully illustrated and drawing on a wealth of new research, Gawkers excavates badauds as a subject of deep significance in late nineteenth-century French culture, as a motif in works of art, and as a conflicted model of the modern viewer.Bridget Alsdorf examines the work of painters, printmakers, and filmmakers who made badauds their artistic subject, including Félix Vallotton, Pierre Bonnard, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Honoré Daumier, Edgar Degas, Jean-Léon Gérôme, Eugène Carrière, Charles Angrand, and Auguste and Louise Lumière. From morally and intellectually empty to sensitive, empathetic, and humane, the gawkers these artists portrayed cut across social categories. They invite the viewer’s identification, even as they appear to threaten social responsibility and the integrity of art.Delving into the ubiquity of a figure that has largely eluded attention, idling on the margins of culture and current events, Gawkers traces the emergence of social and aesthetic problems that are still with us today.

Spectators in art. --- Social distancing (Public health) --- Advertising. --- Aeschylus. --- Aestheticism. --- Alfred Dreyfus. --- Alfred Jarry. --- Ambroise Vollard. --- Auguste Vaillant. --- Badaud. --- Benvenuto Cellini. --- Camille Mauclair. --- Caricature. --- Cartoon. --- Cesare Lombroso. --- Champfleury. --- Charivari. --- Charles Baudelaire. --- Charles Booth (social reformer). --- Charles Philipon. --- Chester Dale. --- Competition. --- Constantin Guys. --- Cricket test. --- Crowd psychology. --- Degenerate art. --- Dictionary of Received Ideas. --- Disenchantment. --- Dreyfus affair. --- E. T. A. Hoffmann. --- Edgar Allan Poe. --- Edgar Degas. --- Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy. --- Fine art. --- Functional response. --- Gawker. --- Georges Seurat. --- Giacomo Meyerbeer. --- Gustave Caillebotte. --- Gustave Courbet. --- Herbert Marcuse. --- Honoré Daumier. --- Hydra effect. --- Illustration. --- Impressionism. --- Isocline. --- Jane Avril. --- Jingoism. --- Journalism. --- Jules Renard. --- L'Assiette au Beurre. --- L'Aurore. --- La Caricature (1830–1843). --- La Revue Blanche. --- La Vie (painting). --- Le Charivari. --- Le Figaro. --- Le Rire. --- Le Ventre de Paris. --- Literature. --- Lord Alfred Douglas. --- Mary Cassatt. --- Maximilien Luce. --- Melodrama. --- Modernity. --- Mutualism (biology). --- Narcissism. --- National Gallery of Art. --- Newspaper. --- Odilon Redon. --- Pathogen. --- Paul Lafargue. --- Picturesque. --- Pierre Bonnard. --- Pierre Larousse. --- Political revolution. --- Pollice Verso (Gérôme). --- Poster. --- Racism. --- Ravachol. --- Revue. --- Rivers of Blood speech. --- Robert le diable. --- Rococo. --- Romanticism. --- Rosicrucianism. --- Sadahide. --- Salon des Cent. --- Satire. --- Siegfried Bing. --- Subsidy. --- Suspension of disbelief. --- Symbolic power. --- The Execution of Marshal Ney. --- The Film Crew. --- The Masses. --- Trial of the Thirty. --- Ubu Roi. --- Urban renewal. --- V. --- Viewing (funeral). --- Woodcut. --- 1800-1899