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Les précipitations sont une variable importante dans de nombreux domaines agro-environnementaux. L’obtention de cartes de précipitations exactes n’est pas aisée surtout dans les régions au relief accidenté ou montagneuses. En effet, il est nécessaire de réaliser une interpolation des données à partir de mesures enregistrées le plus souvent par les stations pluviométriques. Les algorithmes d’interpolation couramment utilisés comme le krigeage et la pondération inverse à la distance peuvent être une solution envisagée pour obtenir une valeur de précipitation en tout point. L’approche développée dans cette étude se base sur l’article de Meersmans et al. (2016) qui est appliquée au massif vosgien. Le calcul des précipitations est réalisé via deux variables : l’altitude et la déviation de la pente dans la direction de la circulation météorologique dominante. Une procédure de rééchantillonnage et de lissage est également envisagée pour déterminer l’échelle spatiale à laquelle les variables donnent les meilleurs résultats. Les différentes résolutions des variables résultant des prétraitements sont incluses dans des régressions linéaires. Les modélisations sont réalisées pour les précipitations annuelles et saisonnières, en vue d’étudier si la combinaison des valeurs calculées pour les 4 saisons permet une cartographie plus exacte des précipitations. Leurs performances sont évaluées via leur coefficient de détermination. Les résultats sont encourageants, avec des R² compris entre 0,85 et 0,91. Malgré cela, une grande variabilité parmi les meilleurs résultats est remarquée pour les niveaux d’agrégation des variables et pour la direction dominante. Les cartes de précipitations finales ont été comparées et la variabilité entre les modèles ne mène pas à des incohérences. Ces cartes sont également comparées avec une approche par krigeage et avec un modèle atmosphérique régional. L’approche développée dans cette étude permet une cartographie satisfaisante des précipitations dans les Vosges malgré une forte variabilité entre les résultats. Precipitation is an important variable in many agri-environmental areas. Obtaining accurate precipitation maps is not easy, especially in regions with rugged or mountainous terrain. Indeed, it is necessary to interpolate data from measurements recorded mostly by rainfall stations. Commonly used interpolation algorithms such as kriging and inverse distance weighting can be considered as a solution to obtain a precipitation value at any point. The approach developed in this study is based on the article by Meersmans et al. (2016) which is applied to the Vosges Mountains. The calculation of precipitation is performed via two variables: the altitude and the deviation of the orientation of the slope to the direction of the dominant weather circulation. A resampling and smoothing procedure is also considered to determine the spatial scale at which the variables give the best results. The different resolutions of the variables resulting from the pretreatments are included in linear regressions. The models are performed for annual and seasonal precipitation, in order to study if the combination of the calculated values for the 4 seasons allows a more accurate mapping of the precipitation. Their performance is evaluated via their coefficient of determination. The results are encouraging, with R² values between 0.85 and 0.91. Despite this, a large variability among the best results is noticed for the aggregation levels of the variables and for the dominant direction. The final precipitation maps were compared and the variability between the models does not lead to inconsistencies. These maps are also compared with a kriging approach and with a regional atmospheric model. The approach developed in this study allows a satisfactory mapping of precipitation in the Vosges despite a strong variability between the results.

Precipitation --- Interpolation --- Vosges --- Rain shadow --- Foehn effect --- Altitude --- Aspect --- Précipitations --- Interpolation --- Vosges --- Ombre pluviométrique --- Effet Foehn --- Altitude --- Exposition --- Sciences du vivant > Sciences de l'environnement & écologie --- Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre > Sciences de la terre & géographie physique

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Geometría combinatòria --- Anàlisi combinatòria --- Geometries finites --- Geometria discreta --- Matroides --- Spline theory --- Data processing. --- Spline functions --- Approximation theory --- Interpolation

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This book collects selected contributions presented at the INdAM Workshop "Geometric Challenges in Isogeometric Analysis", held in Rome, Italy on January 27-31, 2020. It gives an overview of the forefront research on splines and their efficient use in isogeometric methods for the discretization of differential problems over complex and trimmed geometries. A variety of research topics in this context are covered, including (i) high-quality spline surfaces on complex and trimmed geometries, (ii) construction and analysis of smooth spline spaces on unstructured meshes, (iii) numerical aspects and benchmarking of isogeometric discretizations on unstructured meshes, meshing strategies and software. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to both researchers and graduate students working in the areas of approximation theory, geometric design and numerical simulation. Chapter 10 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

Spline theory --- Data processing. --- Spline functions --- Approximation theory --- Interpolation --- Geometría combinatòria --- Anàlisi combinatòria --- Geometries finites --- Geometria discreta --- Matroides --- Mathematics --- Mathematics. --- Computer science --- Algorithms. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Applications of Mathematics. --- Mathematical Applications in Computer Science. --- Algorism --- Algebra --- Arithmetic --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Math --- Science --- Foundations

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This book is a reprint of the Special Issue entitled "Statistical and Machine Learning Models for Remote Sensing Data Mining - Recent Advancements" that was published in Remote Sensing, MDPI. It provides insights into both core technical challenges and some selected critical applications of satellite remote sensing image analytics.

Research & information: general --- Environmental economics --- scene classification --- teacher-student --- noisy labels --- knowledge distillation --- remote sensing images --- LightGBM --- spatiotemporal weight interpolation --- AOD recovery --- East Asia --- polarized SAR --- optical image --- random forest --- conditional random fields --- feature-level fusion --- Dirichlet process --- infinite mixture models --- Gamma distribution --- variational inference --- online setting --- oil spill detection --- synthetic aperture radar images --- GNSS-R --- CYGNSS --- high wind speed inversion --- SVR --- PCA-SVR --- CNN --- scene classification --- teacher-student --- noisy labels --- knowledge distillation --- remote sensing images --- LightGBM --- spatiotemporal weight interpolation --- AOD recovery --- East Asia --- polarized SAR --- optical image --- random forest --- conditional random fields --- feature-level fusion --- Dirichlet process --- infinite mixture models --- Gamma distribution --- variational inference --- online setting --- oil spill detection --- synthetic aperture radar images --- GNSS-R --- CYGNSS --- high wind speed inversion --- SVR --- PCA-SVR --- CNN

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This book collects the accepted contributions to the Special Issue "The Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow" in the Energies journal of MDPI. It is focused more on practical applications of numerical codes than in its development. It covers a wide variety of topics, from aeroacoustics to aerodynamics and flow-particles interaction.

cave formation --- P-waves --- S-waves --- Stoneley wave --- scattered wave --- bluff body --- roughness model --- Venturi effect --- suppression hybrid control --- Lagrangian description --- Formula 1 --- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) --- external aerodynamics --- OpenFoam --- snappyHexMesh --- incompressible flow --- Federation Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) --- downforce --- drag --- vortex --- wake --- bluff body aerodynamics --- boundary layer separation --- vortex shedding --- Lagrangian vortex method --- vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) --- two-dimensional wake simulation --- finite vortex method --- vortex particle method --- three-dimensional effect correction model of the wake --- local radial point interpolation cumulant LBM --- aeroacoustics --- dispersion --- dissipation --- wind turbine --- immersed boundary method --- quasi multi-moment method --- incompressible Navier–Stokes equation --- dispersion-relation-preserving --- flow–structure interaction