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This open access book systematically explores the statistical characteristics of cryptographic systems, the computational complexity theory of cryptographic algorithms and the mathematical principles behind various encryption and decryption algorithms. The theory stems from technology. Based on Shannon's information theory, this book systematically introduces the information theory, statistical characteristics and computational complexity theory of public key cryptography, focusing on the three main algorithms of public key cryptography, RSA, discrete logarithm and elliptic curve cryptosystem. It aims to indicate what it is and why it is. It systematically simplifies and combs the theory and technology of lattice cryptography, which is the greatest feature of this book. It requires a good knowledge in algebra, number theory and probability statistics for readers to read this book. The senior students majoring in mathematics, compulsory for cryptography and science and engineering postgraduates will find this book helpful. It can also be used as the main reference book for researchers in cryptography and cryptographic engineering areas.

Computer science --- Financial engineering. --- Social sciences --- Mathematics. --- Computational finance --- Engineering, Financial --- Finance --- Computer mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Mathematics --- Modern Cryptography --- Computational Complexity --- Hamming Distance --- Shannon Theorem --- Source Coding Theorem --- Optimal Code Theory --- Statistical Characteristics of Cryptosystem --- Elliptic Curve Public Key Cryptosystem --- Integer Lattice and Q-ary Lattice --- NTRU Cryptosystem and Ajtai/Dwork Cryptosystem

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This book includes 15 articles published in the Special Issue "Theoretical Computer Science and Discrete Mathematics" of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This Special Issue is devoted to original and significant contributions to theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics. The aim was to bring together research papers linking different areas of discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, as well as applications of discrete mathematics to other areas of science and technology. The Special Issue covers topics in discrete mathematics including (but not limited to) graph theory, cryptography, numerical semigroups, discrete optimization, algorithms, and complexity.

Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- fuzzy set --- n-Pythagorean --- n-PFS algebra --- triangular norms --- outer-independent Roman domination --- Roman domination --- vertex cover --- rooted product graph --- total domination --- domination --- secure domination --- secure Italian domination --- weak roman domination --- w-domination --- cryptanalysis --- group key establishment --- topology optimization --- optimization --- filtering --- method --- penalization --- weight factor --- FEM --- MATLAB --- SIMP --- estimated prime factor --- integer factorisation problem --- continued fraction --- Fermat's Factoring Algorithm --- genetic algorithm --- AES(t) --- heuristics --- microaggregation --- statistical disclosure control --- graph theory --- traveling salesman problem --- data privacy --- location privacy --- differentials in graphs --- strong differential --- quasi-total strong differential --- quasi-total Italian domination number --- numerical semigroup --- forest --- ordinarization transform --- quasi-ordinarization transform --- load redistribution --- leveling power consumption per phase --- three-phase asymmetric distribution networks --- ideal power consumption --- mixed-integer convex optimization --- strongly total Roman domination --- total Roman domination --- lexicographic product graph --- improved crow search algorithm --- normal Gaussian distribution --- phase swapping problem --- power losses --- asymmetric distribution grids --- vortex search algorithm --- nonidentical parallel production lines --- axle housing machining --- mixed model production --- eligibility constraint --- fuzzy due date --- grey wolf optimizer --- fuzzy set --- n-Pythagorean --- n-PFS algebra --- triangular norms --- outer-independent Roman domination --- Roman domination --- vertex cover --- rooted product graph --- total domination --- domination --- secure domination --- secure Italian domination --- weak roman domination --- w-domination --- cryptanalysis --- group key establishment --- topology optimization --- optimization --- filtering --- method --- penalization --- weight factor --- FEM --- MATLAB --- SIMP --- estimated prime factor --- integer factorisation problem --- continued fraction --- Fermat's Factoring Algorithm --- genetic algorithm --- AES(t) --- heuristics --- microaggregation --- statistical disclosure control --- graph theory --- traveling salesman problem --- data privacy --- location privacy --- differentials in graphs --- strong differential --- quasi-total strong differential --- quasi-total Italian domination number --- numerical semigroup --- forest --- ordinarization transform --- quasi-ordinarization transform --- load redistribution --- leveling power consumption per phase --- three-phase asymmetric distribution networks --- ideal power consumption --- mixed-integer convex optimization --- strongly total Roman domination --- total Roman domination --- lexicographic product graph --- improved crow search algorithm --- normal Gaussian distribution --- phase swapping problem --- power losses --- asymmetric distribution grids --- vortex search algorithm --- nonidentical parallel production lines --- axle housing machining --- mixed model production --- eligibility constraint --- fuzzy due date --- grey wolf optimizer

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This book includes 15 articles published in the Special Issue "Theoretical Computer Science and Discrete Mathematics" of Symmetry (ISSN 2073-8994). This Special Issue is devoted to original and significant contributions to theoretical computer science and discrete mathematics. The aim was to bring together research papers linking different areas of discrete mathematics and theoretical computer science, as well as applications of discrete mathematics to other areas of science and technology. The Special Issue covers topics in discrete mathematics including (but not limited to) graph theory, cryptography, numerical semigroups, discrete optimization, algorithms, and complexity.

fuzzy set --- n-Pythagorean --- n-PFS algebra --- triangular norms --- outer-independent Roman domination --- Roman domination --- vertex cover --- rooted product graph --- total domination --- domination --- secure domination --- secure Italian domination --- weak roman domination --- w-domination --- cryptanalysis --- group key establishment --- topology optimization --- optimization --- filtering --- method --- penalization --- weight factor --- FEM --- MATLAB --- SIMP --- estimated prime factor --- integer factorisation problem --- continued fraction --- Fermat’s Factoring Algorithm --- genetic algorithm --- AES(t) --- heuristics --- microaggregation --- statistical disclosure control --- graph theory --- traveling salesman problem --- data privacy --- location privacy --- differentials in graphs --- strong differential --- quasi-total strong differential --- quasi-total Italian domination number --- numerical semigroup --- forest --- ordinarization transform --- quasi-ordinarization transform --- load redistribution --- leveling power consumption per phase --- three-phase asymmetric distribution networks --- ideal power consumption --- mixed-integer convex optimization --- strongly total Roman domination --- total Roman domination --- lexicographic product graph --- improved crow search algorithm --- normal Gaussian distribution --- phase swapping problem --- power losses --- asymmetric distribution grids --- vortex search algorithm --- nonidentical parallel production lines --- axle housing machining --- mixed model production --- eligibility constraint --- fuzzy due date --- grey wolf optimizer --- n/a --- Fermat's Factoring Algorithm

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In the competitive business environment or public domain, the sustainability assessment in supply chain and infrastructure management are important for any organization. Organizations are currently striving to improve their sustainable strategies through preparedness, response, and recovery because of increasing competitiveness, community, and regulatory pressure. Thus, it is necessary to develop a meaningful and more focused understanding of sustainability in supply chain management and infrastructure management practices. In the context of a supply chain, sustainability implies that companies identify, assess, and manage impacts and risks in all the echelons of the supply chain, considering downstream and upstream activities. Similarly, the sustainable infrastructure management indicates the ability of infrastructure to meet the requirements of the present without sacrificing the ability of future generations to address their needs. The complexities regarding sustainable supply chain and infrastructure management have driven managers and professionals to seek different solutions. This Special Issue aims to provide readers with the most recent research results on the aforementioned subjects. In addition, it offers some solutions and also raises some questions for further research and development toward sustainable supply chain and infrastructure management.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- green supply chain --- performance measurement --- Bayesian belief network --- sustainability --- trenchless technologies --- pipelines --- construction --- social cost --- fuzzy QFD --- flexibility --- IT flexibility --- importance‒performance analysis --- partial least squared structured equation modelling --- performance gap --- sustainable growth --- higher educational institutions --- academic buildings --- environmental performance --- performance benchmarking --- fuzzy clustering analysis --- metabolic flows --- green supply chain management --- carbon tax and cap --- can-order policy --- mixed-integer programming --- fuzzy constraints --- social sustainability --- small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) --- stakeholder support --- social sustainability awareness --- transport networks --- logistics --- simulation games --- serious games --- innovation ecosystem --- Port of Rotterdam --- complex systems --- truck platooning --- barge transport --- multi-sided platforms --- Bayesian --- geoadditive --- quantile --- P-splines --- boosting optimization --- resilience --- housing infrastructure --- flood hazard and sensitivity analysis --- shipping cost --- risk assessment and management --- conditional value-at-risk --- investment projects --- financial analysis --- economic analysis --- energy efficiency --- public buildings --- literature review --- multi-criteria decision-making --- MCDM methods --- sustainable supply chain management --- SSCM --- efficiency assessment --- operations strategy matrix --- data envelopment analysis --- healthcare systems --- COVID-19 --- green supply chain --- performance measurement --- Bayesian belief network --- sustainability --- trenchless technologies --- pipelines --- construction --- social cost --- fuzzy QFD --- flexibility --- IT flexibility --- importance‒performance analysis --- partial least squared structured equation modelling --- performance gap --- sustainable growth --- higher educational institutions --- academic buildings --- environmental performance --- performance benchmarking --- fuzzy clustering analysis --- metabolic flows --- green supply chain management --- carbon tax and cap --- can-order policy --- mixed-integer programming --- fuzzy constraints --- social sustainability --- small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) --- stakeholder support --- social sustainability awareness --- transport networks --- logistics --- simulation games --- serious games --- innovation ecosystem --- Port of Rotterdam --- complex systems --- truck platooning --- barge transport --- multi-sided platforms --- Bayesian --- geoadditive --- quantile --- P-splines --- boosting optimization --- resilience --- housing infrastructure --- flood hazard and sensitivity analysis --- shipping cost --- risk assessment and management --- conditional value-at-risk --- investment projects --- financial analysis --- economic analysis --- energy efficiency --- public buildings --- literature review --- multi-criteria decision-making --- MCDM methods --- sustainable supply chain management --- SSCM --- efficiency assessment --- operations strategy matrix --- data envelopment analysis --- healthcare systems --- COVID-19

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Buildings account for more than one-third of the global final energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The building sector offers a significant potential in the transition towards the decarbonisation of societies. To achieve this goal, different concepts and implementations of Net-Zero/Positive Energy Buildings and Districts (NZPEBD) have emerged in the last years and are still in progress. This book is the collection of the articles published in the Special Issue “Net-Zero/Positive Energy Buildings and Districts” of the Buildings journal. This reprint includes 17 research articles covering different aspects of Net-Zero/Positive Energy Buildings and Districts planning, technologies, economics, building design and retrofitting, citizen engagement, and collection of energy data.

Research & information: general --- Physics --- energy storage --- hydrogen --- power-to-gas --- reversible solid oxide cell --- optimization --- mixed integer linear programming --- MILP --- microgrid --- PV --- peer to peer --- self-consumption --- energy community --- local market --- PVT --- water-based PVT --- techno-economic analysis --- digital mapping --- seasonal thermal energy storage --- waste incineration --- district heating --- waste heat --- energy retrofit --- heat pump --- CO2 emissions --- building stock --- PED --- energy flexibility --- socioeconomic analysis --- regions --- regulation --- renewable energy --- urban environment --- climatic zones --- gaussian mixture model --- Expectation-Maximization --- urban building energy modeling --- data acquisition --- building optimisation design --- Saharan --- cool climate --- genetic algorithm --- low energy buildings --- spatial --- temporal --- energy use --- smart city --- net‐ and nearly‐zero‐energy buildings --- positive energy communities and districts --- renewable energy integration --- energy flexibility in buildings and communities --- simulation and optimization methods --- practical experience from demo sites --- buildings --- construction --- efficient homes --- energy efficiency --- GHG emissions --- homes --- net-zero energy (NZE) --- NZE building technology --- positive energy districts --- citizen --- cities --- participation --- citizen engagement --- stakeholder engagement --- urban energy transition --- bi-directional grid --- urban photovoltaic systems --- energy communities --- agent based modelling --- techno-economic modelling --- market design --- distributed renewable energy --- characterization --- review --- text mining --- nearly zero-energy building --- container building --- building design --- energy simulation --- climate study --- plus energy buildings --- plus energy districts --- energy sharing --- energy trading --- clean energy package --- energy storage --- hydrogen --- power-to-gas --- reversible solid oxide cell --- optimization --- mixed integer linear programming --- MILP --- microgrid --- PV --- peer to peer --- self-consumption --- energy community --- local market --- PVT --- water-based PVT --- techno-economic analysis --- digital mapping --- seasonal thermal energy storage --- waste incineration --- district heating --- waste heat --- energy retrofit --- heat pump --- CO2 emissions --- building stock --- PED --- energy flexibility --- socioeconomic analysis --- regions --- regulation --- renewable energy --- urban environment --- climatic zones --- gaussian mixture model --- Expectation-Maximization --- urban building energy modeling --- data acquisition --- building optimisation design --- Saharan --- cool climate --- genetic algorithm --- low energy buildings --- spatial --- temporal --- energy use --- smart city --- net‐ and nearly‐zero‐energy buildings --- positive energy communities and districts --- renewable energy integration --- energy flexibility in buildings and communities --- simulation and optimization methods --- practical experience from demo sites --- buildings --- construction --- efficient homes --- energy efficiency --- GHG emissions --- homes --- net-zero energy (NZE) --- NZE building technology --- positive energy districts --- citizen --- cities --- participation --- citizen engagement --- stakeholder engagement --- urban energy transition --- bi-directional grid --- urban photovoltaic systems --- energy communities --- agent based modelling --- techno-economic modelling --- market design --- distributed renewable energy --- characterization --- review --- text mining --- nearly zero-energy building --- container building --- building design --- energy simulation --- climate study --- plus energy buildings --- plus energy districts --- energy sharing --- energy trading --- clean energy package