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Protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of approximately 10,000 different soluble and membrane proteins of human cells, which amounts to about 30% of the proteome. Most of these proteins fulfill their functions either in the membrane or lumen of the ER plus the nuclear envelope, in one of the organelles of the pathways for endo- and exocytosis (ERGIC, Golgi apparatus, endosome, lysosome, and trafficking vesicles), or at the cell surface as plasma membrane or secreted proteins. An increasing number of membrane proteins destined to lipid droplets, peroxisomes or mitochondria are first targeted to and inserted into the ER membrane prior to their integration into budding lipid droplets or peroxisomes or prior to their delivery to mitochondria via the ER-SURF pathway. ER protein import involves two stages, ER targeting, which guarantees membrane specificity, and the insertion of nascent membrane proteins into or translocation of soluble precursor polypeptides across the ER membrane. In most cases, both processes depend on amino-terminal signal peptides or transmembrane helices, which serve as signal peptide equivalents. However, the targeting reaction can also involve the ER targeting of specific mRNAs or ribosome–nascent chain complexes. Both processes may occur co- or post-translationally and are facilitated by various sophisticated machineries, which reside in the cytosol and the ER membrane, respectively. Except for resident ER and mitochondrial membrane proteins, the mature proteins are delivered to their functional locations by vesicular transport.

chaperones --- contact sites --- endoplasmic reticulum --- ER-SURF --- membrane extraction --- mitochondria --- protein targeting --- bimolecular luminescence complementation --- competition --- split luciferase --- membrane proteins --- protein–protein interactions --- Sec61 complex --- Sec63 --- synthetic peptide complementation --- TRAP complex --- ER protein translocase --- signal peptide --- protein translocation --- nascent peptide chain --- membrane insertion --- molecular modelling --- molecular dynamics simulations --- molecular docking --- signal peptidase --- ER translocon --- signal recognition particle dependent protein targeting --- Sec61 dependent translocation --- co-translational translocation --- inhibitor --- high throughput screening --- Sec61 --- Sec62 --- folding --- insertion --- membrane protein --- translocon --- ribosome --- transmembrane segment --- lipid droplets --- peroxisomes --- PEX3 --- membrane protein insertion --- label-free quantitative mass spectrometry --- differential protein abundance analysis --- Zellweger syndrome --- GET --- protein transport --- SND --- SRP --- EMC --- positive-inside rule --- hydrophobicity --- transmembrane helix --- signal recognition particle --- nascent polypeptide-associated complex --- fidelity --- cyclotriazadisulfonamide --- ER quality control --- DNAJC3 --- preprotein --- Sec61 translocon --- ribosome stalling --- signal sequence --- Sec61 translocase --- NAC --- n/a --- protein-protein interactions

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The arterial pole is one of the most complex parts of the heart both in development and disease. It involves the collaboration and orchestration of contributions from the first and second heart fields as well as the neural crest. The precursor cells differentiate into endocardial cushions and putative cardiac valves, the myocardium, and epicardium of the heart, but also into the different layers of the main arterial vessels. These include not only the aorta and the pulmonary trunk but also the pulmonary and coronary arteries, and during development, the arterial duct. Many transcriptional and signaling networks act in timely concert to acquire the proper asymmetric development and function and pressure and flow dynamics. This is not only a human or even mammalian ‘enterprise,’ but is also taking place in so-called ancestral forms from fish to reptiles, including birds. In humans, it is small wonder that many clinical syndromes may arise when something in this complexity is amiss. This Special Issue of JCDD contains contributions focussed on the heart fields, congenital cardiac malformations and associated syndromes, with special emphasis on the cardiac outflow tract. The Issue is devoted to Prof. Dr. Adriana Gittenberger-de Groot, who dedicated her extensive career to research on cardiovascular development.

Public health & preventive medicine --- transforming growth factor beta-3 --- cardiac development --- loeys dietz syndrome-5 --- arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia --- rienhoff syndrome --- cleft palate --- congenital heart disease --- outflow tract septation --- signaling networks --- transcription factor AP-2α --- cardiovascular development --- outflow tract --- pharyngeal arch artery --- neural crest cell --- pharyngeal ectoderm --- Tetralogy of Fallot --- monozygotic twins --- discordant phenotype --- genetics --- variations --- epigenetics --- DNA methylation --- candidate genes --- acute aortic syndrome --- cardiovascular disease --- aorta --- aortic valve replacement --- surgical --- aortic surgery --- bicuspid aortic valve --- Bentall --- Kommerell’s diverticulum --- right sided aortic arch --- anomalous left subclavian artery --- arteria lusoria --- tracheal compression --- esophageal compression --- transposition great arteries coronary anatomy --- Rac1 --- proliferation --- cell polarity --- congenital heart defects --- compact myocardium --- trabeculation --- aortic stenosis --- asymptomatic --- early surgery --- watchful waiting --- cardiac progenitor cells --- second heart field --- neural crest --- endocardium --- cushion --- valve --- ductus arteriosus --- neointima --- tunica media --- transcriptome --- lineage tracing --- developmental biology --- cell identity --- atrioventricular valve --- epicardium --- lateral cushion --- major cushion --- myxomatous degeneration --- homograft --- semilunar valves --- aortic regurgitation --- superimposed tissue --- original leaflet --- myofibroblasts --- free edge folding --- remodeling --- dissection of ductus arteriosus --- sudden unexpected intrauterine death --- single coronary artery --- Leiden Convention coronary coding system --- Lipton classification --- coronary artery anatomy --- transposition of the great arteries --- arterial switch operation --- coronary artery --- coronary complications --- imaging --- fetal aortic stenosis --- prenatal ultrasound --- postmortem histology --- speckle tracking analysis --- endocardial fibro-elastosis --- endocardial cushions --- cartilage --- foramen of Panizza --- left aorta --- right aorta --- pulmonary trunk --- pharyngeal arch arteries --- coronary arteries --- cardiac fields --- cardiomyocyte --- progenitor specification --- heart tube --- aortic wall --- cardiovascular pathogenesis --- arterial duct

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The arterial pole is one of the most complex parts of the heart both in development and disease. It involves the collaboration and orchestration of contributions from the first and second heart fields as well as the neural crest. The precursor cells differentiate into endocardial cushions and putative cardiac valves, the myocardium, and epicardium of the heart, but also into the different layers of the main arterial vessels. These include not only the aorta and the pulmonary trunk but also the pulmonary and coronary arteries, and during development, the arterial duct. Many transcriptional and signaling networks act in timely concert to acquire the proper asymmetric development and function and pressure and flow dynamics. This is not only a human or even mammalian ‘enterprise,’ but is also taking place in so-called ancestral forms from fish to reptiles, including birds. In humans, it is small wonder that many clinical syndromes may arise when something in this complexity is amiss. This Special Issue of JCDD contains contributions focussed on the heart fields, congenital cardiac malformations and associated syndromes, with special emphasis on the cardiac outflow tract. The Issue is devoted to Prof. Dr. Adriana Gittenberger-de Groot, who dedicated her extensive career to research on cardiovascular development.

Public health & preventive medicine --- transforming growth factor beta-3 --- cardiac development --- loeys dietz syndrome-5 --- arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia --- rienhoff syndrome --- cleft palate --- congenital heart disease --- outflow tract septation --- signaling networks --- transcription factor AP-2α --- cardiovascular development --- outflow tract --- pharyngeal arch artery --- neural crest cell --- pharyngeal ectoderm --- Tetralogy of Fallot --- monozygotic twins --- discordant phenotype --- genetics --- variations --- epigenetics --- DNA methylation --- candidate genes --- acute aortic syndrome --- cardiovascular disease --- aorta --- aortic valve replacement --- surgical --- aortic surgery --- bicuspid aortic valve --- Bentall --- Kommerell’s diverticulum --- right sided aortic arch --- anomalous left subclavian artery --- arteria lusoria --- tracheal compression --- esophageal compression --- transposition great arteries coronary anatomy --- Rac1 --- proliferation --- cell polarity --- congenital heart defects --- compact myocardium --- trabeculation --- aortic stenosis --- asymptomatic --- early surgery --- watchful waiting --- cardiac progenitor cells --- second heart field --- neural crest --- endocardium --- cushion --- valve --- ductus arteriosus --- neointima --- tunica media --- transcriptome --- lineage tracing --- developmental biology --- cell identity --- atrioventricular valve --- epicardium --- lateral cushion --- major cushion --- myxomatous degeneration --- homograft --- semilunar valves --- aortic regurgitation --- superimposed tissue --- original leaflet --- myofibroblasts --- free edge folding --- remodeling --- dissection of ductus arteriosus --- sudden unexpected intrauterine death --- single coronary artery --- Leiden Convention coronary coding system --- Lipton classification --- coronary artery anatomy --- transposition of the great arteries --- arterial switch operation --- coronary artery --- coronary complications --- imaging --- fetal aortic stenosis --- prenatal ultrasound --- postmortem histology --- speckle tracking analysis --- endocardial fibro-elastosis --- endocardial cushions --- cartilage --- foramen of Panizza --- left aorta --- right aorta --- pulmonary trunk --- pharyngeal arch arteries --- coronary arteries --- cardiac fields --- cardiomyocyte --- progenitor specification --- heart tube --- aortic wall --- cardiovascular pathogenesis --- arterial duct

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PART 1. Functional Textiles: Photochromic Textiles Based upon Aqueous Blends of Oxygen-Deficient WO3-x and TiO2 Nanocrystals. 50/60 Hz Power Grid Noise as a Skin Contact Measure of Textile ECG Electrodes. Characterizing Steam Penetration through Thermal Protective Fabric Materials. Stretchable Textile Yarn Based on UHF RFID Helical Tag. Fibers and Textiles for Personal Protective Equipment. Textile-Based Sound Sensors (TSS). High-Performance and Functional Fiber Materials. Geotextiles—A Versatile Tool for Environmental Sensitive Applications in Geotechnical Engineering. Review of Fiber- or Yarn-Based Wearable Resistive Strain Sensors. Wearable Actuators: An Overview. Bacterial Secondary Metabolites as Biopigments for Textile Dyeing. PART 2: Process and Modelling. Loop Order Analysis of Weft-Knitted Textiles. New Geometrical Modelling for 2D Fabric and 2.5D Interlock Composites. Meso-Macro Simulations of the Forming of 3D Non-Crimp Woven Fabrics. Continuous Yarn Electrospinning. A Review on Tough Soft Composites at Different Length Scales. Textile Branch and Main Breakthroughs of the Czech Republic in the Field of Textile Machinery. Recent Efforts in Modeling and Simulation of Textiles. PART 3: Control. A Comparison of Two Different Light Booths for Measuring Color Difference of Metameric Pairs. Effect of Textile Characteristics on the AR-Glass Fabric Efficiency. Dielectric Properties of Textile Materials. PART 4: Consumers and Behavior. Development of a Consumer-Based Quality Scale for Artisan Textiles. Organic Cotton Clothing Purchase Behavior. A Review on Textile Recycling Practices and Challenges.

Business strategy --- Manufacturing industries --- smart textiles --- wearable --- fiber actuators --- soft exoskeleton --- haptic action --- textile modeling --- homogenization --- beam-based model --- buckling --- folding --- spacer fabrics --- organic cotton --- clothing --- consumer behavior --- Theory of Reasoned Action --- alkali-resistant glass textile --- weaving --- epoxy coating --- filament diameters --- roving fineness --- fabric efficiency --- textile-reinforced concrete --- TRC --- fabric-reinforced cementitious matrix --- FRCM --- textile development --- human and civilization factors --- clothing and technical textiles --- open end spinning --- jet looms --- perpendicularly layered nonwovens --- needleless electrospinning --- textiles --- quality --- artisan --- fabrics --- women in textiles --- soft composite --- mechanical property --- toughness --- toughening mechanism --- fabrication --- application --- helical RFID tag --- helical antenna --- RFID --- textile yarn --- light booth --- metameric pairs --- visual assessment --- gray scale --- standard deviation --- CAM02-UCS --- color difference formula --- thermal protective fabrics --- steam exposure --- fabric properties --- heat and mass transfer --- burn injuries --- textile materials --- complex relative permittivity --- effective medium approximation --- dielectric mixture theory --- electromagnetics --- dielectric characterization --- resistive strain sensor --- fiber-based sensor --- yarn-based sensor --- interconnection --- forming simulation --- multi-scale analyses --- RVE --- hyperelasticity --- thick reinforcements --- nanofibers --- PAN --- cellulose acetate --- biopolymers --- spider silk --- silk fibroin --- 2D fabric --- 2.5D --- interlock composite --- compliance matrix --- textile waste --- reuse and recycling --- municipal solid waste --- composting --- sustainability --- geotextiles --- natural fibers --- synthetic fibers --- geo-engineering --- environmental applications --- high-performance fibers --- functional textiles --- metallized textiles --- inorganic fibers --- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) --- Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) --- microbial pigments --- bacterial pigments --- textile --- fibers --- dyeing --- electrocardiogram (ECG) --- Arduino --- electrodes --- conductive coating --- conductive yarn --- sensor --- knitted textiles --- topological modeling --- contact neighborhood --- loop order analysis --- precedence rule --- visualization --- e-textiles --- textile-based sound sensors --- sound monitoring --- smart building --- personal protective equipment --- protective clothing --- special textile structures --- smart textile --- photochromism --- inorganic nanoparticles --- n/a